This paper presents a comprehensive review of retinal blood vessel segmentation based on deep learning. The geometric characteristics of retinal vessels reflect the health status of patients and help to diagnose some diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. The accurate diagnosis and timing treatment of these diseases can prevent global blindness of patients. Recently, deep learning algorithms have been rapidly applied to retinal vessel segmentation due to their higher efficiency and accuracy, when compared with manual segmentation and other computer-aided diagnosis techniques. In this work, we reviewed recent publications for retinal vessel segmentation based on deep learning. We surveyed these proposed methods especially the network architectures and figured out the trend of models. We summarized obstacles and key aspects for applying deep learning to retinal vessel segmentation and indicated future research directions. This article will help researchers to construct more advanced and robust models.INDEX TERMS Retinal vessel segmentation, fundus images, deep learning, convolutional neural network.
The training of deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification purposes is critically dependent on the expertise of hyper-parameters tuning. This study aims to minimise the user variability in training CNN by automatically searching and optimising the CNN architecture, particularly in the field of vehicle logo recognition system. For this purpose, the architecture and hyper-parameters of CNN were selected according to the implementation of the stochastic method of particle swarm optimisation on the training-testing data. After obtaining the optimised hyper-parameters, the CNN is fine-tuned and trained to ensure better network convergence and classification performance. In this study, a total of 14,950 vehicle logo images are divided into two independent training and testing sets. In addition, these images are segmented coarsely, thus the requirement of precise logo segmentation is obviated in this work. The learned features of the CNN were sufficiently discriminative to be classified using multiclass Softmax classifier. With implementation using a graphics processing unit (GPU), the computation time of the proposed method is acceptable for real-time application. The experimental results explicitly prove that the authors' approach outperforms most of the state-of-the-art methods, achieving an accuracy of 99.1% over 13 vehicle manufacturers.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.