The training of deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification purposes is critically dependent on the expertise of hyper-parameters tuning. This study aims to minimise the user variability in training CNN by automatically searching and optimising the CNN architecture, particularly in the field of vehicle logo recognition system. For this purpose, the architecture and hyper-parameters of CNN were selected according to the implementation of the stochastic method of particle swarm optimisation on the training-testing data. After obtaining the optimised hyper-parameters, the CNN is fine-tuned and trained to ensure better network convergence and classification performance. In this study, a total of 14,950 vehicle logo images are divided into two independent training and testing sets. In addition, these images are segmented coarsely, thus the requirement of precise logo segmentation is obviated in this work. The learned features of the CNN were sufficiently discriminative to be classified using multiclass Softmax classifier. With implementation using a graphics processing unit (GPU), the computation time of the proposed method is acceptable for real-time application. The experimental results explicitly prove that the authors' approach outperforms most of the state-of-the-art methods, achieving an accuracy of 99.1% over 13 vehicle manufacturers.

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This study presents a model to effectively recognise image noise of different types and levels: impulse, Gaussian, Speckle and Poisson noise, and a mixture of multiple types of the noise. To classify image noise type, the convolutional neural network (CNN) method with backpropagation algorithm and stochastic gradient descent optimisation techniques are implemented. In order to reduce the training time and computational cost of the algorithm, the principal components analysis (PCA) filters generating strategy is deployed to obtain data adaptive filter banks. The authors validated their designed CNN with PCA for noise types recognition model with degraded images containing noise of single and combination of multiple types, with a total of 11,000 and 1650 datasets for training and testing purposes, respectively. The variety and complexity of data have never been addressed before in any other research work. The capability of their intelligent system in handling images degraded under this complicated environment has surpassed human‐eye performance in noise types recognition. The authors’ experiments have proven the reliability of the proposed noise types recognition model by having achieved an overall average accuracy of 99.3% while recognising eight classes of noise.

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Abstract-This study presen ts a Convoluti onal Neu ral Network (CNN) mod el to effectively recognize ihe pr esence of Gaussian noise and its level in images. T he exi sting denoisi ng 11pproachcs arc mostly based on an assumption t hat t he images to be processed are corrupted widt noises. T his work, on the other h11nd, aims to intelligently evaluate if an image is corrupted, and to which level it is degr aded , b efor e applying denoising algorithms. We used 12000 a nd 3000 standat'd test i mage.~ for training and testi ng purposes, respectively. Different noise levels are introduced to these images. T he over all acc uracy of 74.7% in classifying 10 classes of n oise le\•els are obtained. Our rxperiments and res ults have pruven that this model is capable of performing Gaussian noise detection a nd its noise le\'el classification.

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