The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing FM with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on the growth performance and immunologic responses of white shrimp. In addition, the toxicity of such replacement to white shrimp was measured. Mealworm was incorporated to partially or totally replace fish meal in diets for white shrimp. Experimental groups of shrimp with an average initial body weight of 2.39 ± 0.49 g were fed each of 4 isonitrogeneous diets formulated to include 0, 25, 50 and 100% (control, MW25, MW50 and MW100 respectively) of mealworm substituted for fish meal. After eight weeks of feeding trials, shrimp fed diets MW25, MW50 and MW100 had higher live weight gain (10.05 ± 3.06, 11.41 ± 2.08, and 10.36 ± 1.57, respectively), higher specific growth rate (2.56 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.09, and 2.61 ± 0.07, respectively), and better feed conversion ratio (2.89 ± 0.08, 2.69 ± 0.09, and 2.72 ± 0.19, respectively) compared to those of shrimp fed control diet. Survival rate was 98% in all treatments. No toxicity was found in post-mortem pathophysiologic examinations. The levels of immune markers such as beta-glucan binding protein, prophenoloxidase and crustin associated with shrimp's cellular and humoral immunity were found to be higher in 25 and 50% mealworm replacement groups. These results clearly indicated that replacement of fish meal with 50% mealworm for shrimp diet was optimal in promoting the growth performance of shrimp without any adverse effect.
Steel-plate composite (SC) walls consist of a plain concrete core reinforced with two steel faceplates on the surfaces. Modules (consisting of steel faceplates, shear connectors and tie-bars) can be shop-fabricated and shipped to the site for erection and concrete casting, which expedites construction schedule and thus economy. SC structures have recently been used in nuclear power plant designs and are being considered for the next generation of small modular reactors. Design for impactive and impulsive loading is an important consideration for SC walls in safety-related nuclear facilities. The authors have previously developed design methods to prevent local failure (perforation) of SC walls due to missile impact. This paper presents the development of static resistance functions for use in single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) analyses to predict the maximum displacement response of SC walls subjected to missile impact and designed to resist local failure (perforation). The static resistance function for SC walls is developed using results of numerical analyses and parametric studies conducted using benchmarked 3D finite element (FE) models. The influence of various design parameters are discussed and used to develop idealized bilinear resistance functions for SC walls with fixed edges and simply supported edges.Results from dynamic non-linear FE analysis of SC panels subjected to rigid missile impact are compared with the maximum displacements predicted by SDOF analyses using the bilinear resistance function.The authors have recently developed and verified a three-step approach for designing SC walls to prevent local perforation due to missile impact [11]. The method can be used to compute the minimum required steel faceplate thickness to prevent local perforation. The method was verified using a comprehensive experimental database of over 100 missile impact tests. The authors also presented the development and benchmarking of 3D finite element models for predicting the behavior and local failure of SC walls subjected to missile impact [11]. These models were benchmarked using results from the experimental database, and the results were 5 used to confirm the failure mechanism of SC walls subjected to missile impact. The benchmarked models were used to conduct analytical parametric studies to expand the database, and further verify the design method. This previous research does not consider the structural response or the maximum deflection of the SC wall subjected to missile impact. Consequently, the designed SC wall may prevent local perforation, but not satisfy other design criteria such as maximum deflection limits.SC walls should also be designed to satisfy global design criteria such as flexure, shear, rotation or deflection limits. However, there is limited literature available on the global impact or two-way behavior of SC walls or slabs. Sohel and Liew [17,18] evaluated the structural performance (local and global behavior) of a unique configuration of SC slabs consisting of steel faceplates anchored to the ...
Steel-plate composite (SC) walls have been used recently in overseas and domestic nuclear power plant (NPP) projects. For safety-related NPP facilities, these walls may be required to resist the effects of impact. Analysis of the structural global response of conventional reinforced concrete (RC) walls to impact loadings, such as those from tornado borne missiles or turbine-generated missiles and secondary wall impacts due to heavy load drops, is reasonably approximated using simplified dynamic analysis methods. For cases in which global bending dominates the response, an inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model is effective. For some impact loadings, the response includes considerable localized deformation. Analysis for these cases requires a cascaded two-degree-of-freedom (TDOF) model with one mass and resistance representing the global flexural response and a second mass, resistance and damping representing the local deformation response. In this paper, the methodology to complete dynamic analysis of impact loadings on SC walls (both SDOF and TDOF models) is provided, and SDOF and TDOF model results are compared to SC wall dynamic response from nonlinear finite element models.
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