No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Acute physical exercise increases reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle, leading to tissue damage and fatigue. Molecular hydrogen (H2) acts as a therapeutic antioxidant directly or indirectly by inducing antioxidative enzymes. Here, we examined the effects of drinking H2 water (H2-infused water) on psychometric fatigue and endurance capacity in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion. In Experiment 1, all participants drank only placebo water in the first cycle ergometer exercise session, and for comparison they drank either H2 water or placebo water 30 min before exercise in the second examination. In these healthy non-trained participants (n = 99), psychometric fatigue judged by visual analogue scales was significantly decreased in the H2 group after mild exercise. When each group was divided into 2 subgroups, the subgroup with higher visual analogue scale values was more sensitive to the effect of H2. In Experiment 2, trained participants (n = 60) were subjected to moderate exercise by cycle ergometer in a similar way as in Experiment 1, but exercise was performed 10 min after drinking H2 water. Endurance and fatigue were significantly improved in the H2 group as judged by maximal oxygen consumption and Borg’s scale, respectively. Taken together, drinking H2 water just before exercise exhibited anti-fatigue and endurance effects.

Inosine, a breakdown product of adenosine, has recently been shown to exert immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. We show here that the oral administration of inosine has antidepressant-like effects in two animal models. Inosine significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth and viability of primary cultured neocortical neurons, which was suppressed by adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonists. Oral administration of inosine to mice transiently increased its concentration in the brain and enhanced neuronal proliferation in the dentate gyrus, accompanied by phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and increase in transcript level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In stress models, oral inosine prevented an increase in immobility time in forced swim test after chronically unexpected stress and mitigated a reduction in sucrose preference after chronic social defeat stress. These results indicate that oral administration of inosine has the potential to prevent depressive disorder via adenosine receptors.

No abstract

No abstract

SCADA is the acronym of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, which is a communication technology scheme for collecting data from distant facilities and also controlling them on control systems. By SCADA technology it is not necessary to assign operators to remote locations for operating the facilities there. In the beginning SCADA system was locally introduced, and it has been applied to larger and wide-area systems as the information technology evolves. As SCADA system expands to wide area, it has been connected to common communication infrastructure while it was a locally independent control system network initially. Since the Internet came up, all different kinds of communication networks have been being integrated into the Internet for both technological and economic efficiencies. But it also causes the SCADA system to be revealed to the cyber security risks common on the Internet at the same time. Today many major utility services are provided on SCADA networks, so it is very critical to protect the system from those risks. The damage would be very serious if one of the SCADA systems are attacked and thereby stop normal operation, therefore it should be considered to take countermeasures against the threats. Cyber security problem requires multidirectional approach considering many different aspects of vulnerabilities in the system. This paper analyzes the SCADA network vulnerabilities on the aspects of cyber security.