This study demonstrates the characteristics of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double-Moment 6-Class (WDM6) Microphysics scheme for representing precipitating moist convection in 3D platforms, relative to the WSM6 scheme that has been widely used in the WRF community. For a case study of convective system over the Great Plains, the WDM6 scheme improves the evolutionary features such as the bow-type echo in the leading edge of the squall line. We also found that the WRF with WDM6 scheme removes spurious oceanic rainfall that is a systematic defect resulting from the use of the WSM6 scheme alone. The simulated summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia is improved by weakening (strengthening) light (heavy) precipitation activity. These changes can be explained by the fact that the WDM6 scheme has a wider range in cloud and rain number concentrations than does the WSM6 scheme.

Background: Major questions remain regarding the agestratified trends of allergic diseases and asthma in Korea.Purpose: To identify the estimated recent prevalence and 10- year trends in asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis among the Korean population from 2008 to 2017.Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional survey (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) over 10 years (2008–2017) examined representative samples of the Korean population (n=85,006) including 2,131 infants, 4,352 preschool children, 12,919 school-age children, 44,200 adults, and 21,404 elderly adults.Results: In the 2016 to 2017 population, the estimated prevalence of asthma was 0.9% in infants, 2.3% in preschool children, 4.1% in school-age children, 2.3% in adults, and 4.1% in the elderly. The estimated prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 9.0%, 20.2%, 27.6%, 17.1%, and 6.9%, respectively. The estimated prevalence of atopic dermatitis was 5.9%, 11.3%, 14.6%, 3.9%, and 1.6%, respectively. Ten-year trends revealed a significant decrease in asthma prevalence in infants, preschool children, and the elderly. and in atopic dermatitis prevalence in infants and preschool children (<i>P</i><0.05 for all trends). Furthermore, 10-year trends demonstrated a significant increase in allergic rhinitis prevalence in school-age children, adults, and the elderly, and in atopic dermatitis prevalence in school-age children and the elderly (<i>P</i><0.05 for all trends).Conclusion: These results improve our understanding of the age-stratified epidemiology of allergic diseases in Korea and suggest the need for the development of tailored and precise strategies to prevent allergic diseases in different age groups.

There is a strong association between prepregnancy overweight/obesity and periodontitis in pregnant females.

This study investigates how the balance between wind and mass is treated in data assimilation, and how it affects the quality of the model states in an analysis–forecast cycle. This is done in terms of the dependence of balance on latitude and on the type of variable. The impact of the nonlinear balance equation is compared with regressed wind–mass balance in the 3‐Dimensional Variational data assimilation (3D‐Var) system of the Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems (KIAPS). Its impact is significantly positive in temperature rather than in wind, despite the two‐way influence of the cross‐correlation between wind and mass, in terms of the root‐mean‐square difference (RMSD) of 6 h forecasts against the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. This temperature effect is observed in the southern hemispheric (SH) polar jet of the mid‐troposphere, the SH midlatitudinal jet, and the mid/lower stratosphere in the Tropics, where there is strong zonal mean flow. Although the zonal wind forecast was harmed by application of the nonlinear balance, the temporal consistency of the damage is relatively weak compared to the improvement by the nonlinear balance in the temperature forecasts. In the SH midlatitudinal jet and the mid/lower stratosphere in the Tropics, the nonlinear balance equation, including the advection term, improves the quality of temperature RMSDs in the analysis–forecast cycle by imposing the proper balance in the initial conditions. However, in the SH polar jet of the mid‐troposphere, where the observation density is relatively low, the nonlinear balance equation achieves the same effect by reducing the analysis error (i.e. generating initial conditions more accurately). The nonlinear balance equation contributes to robustly improving the model states of the analysis–forecast cycles, depending on the dynamical activity and the observation density of the corresponding regions.

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These results indicate that preeclampsia could be associated with the maternal periodontal condition and interdental cleaning.

We investigated a torrential rainfall case with a daily rainfall amount of 379 mm and a maximum hourly rain rate of 77.5 mm that took place on 12 July 2006 at Goyang in the middlewestern part of the Korean Peninsula. The heavy rainfall was responsible for flash flooding and was highly localized. High-resolution Doppler radar data from 5 radar sites located over central Korea were analyzed. Numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were also performed to complement the high-resolution observations and to further investigate the thermodynamic structure and development of the convective system. The grid nudging method using the Global Final (FNL) Analyses data was applied to the coarse model domain (30 km) in order to provide a more realistic and desirable initial and boundary conditions for the nested model domains (10 km, 3.3 km). The mesoscale convective system (MCS) which caused flash flooding was initiated by the strong low level jet (LLJ) at the frontal region of high equivalent potential temperature (θ e ) near the west coast over the Yellow Sea. The ascending of the warm and moist air was induced dynamically by the LLJ. The convective cells were triggered by small thermal perturbations and abruptly developed by the warm θ e inflow. Within the MCS, several convective cells responsible for the rainfall peak at Goyang simultaneously developed with neighboring cells and interacted with each other. Moist absolutely unstable layers (MAULs) were seen at the lower troposphere with the very moist environment adding the instability for the development of the MCS.