This study establishes a novel mouse model of PTOA, and describes the time course of musculoskeletal changes following knee injury, helping to establish the window of opportunity for preventative treatment.
Synopsis
Plot error variances were large for lint yield, bolls per plant, seed per boll, and boll weight; small for lint percentage, seed and tint index, and fiber length, strength and fineness. Genotype x environment interaction variances were generally small for all traits except yield and bolls per plant. Lint yield was highly positively correlated with lint percentage and bolls per plant and negatively correlated with seed index and weight per boll.
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University of GeorgiaSeptember 2013
AbstractThe increasing use of the Internet creates a need to manage traffic while preserving equal treatment of content. We estimate demand for residential broadband, using high-frequency data from subscribers facing a three-part tariff, and use the estimates to study the welfare implications of usage-based pricing, a commonly offered solution to network congestion. The three-part tariff makes data usage during the billing cycle a dynamic problem; thus, generating variation in the (shadow) price of usage during the month. We provide evidence that subscribers respond to this variation, and use their dynamic decisions to estimate a flexible distribution of willingness to pay for different plan characteristics. Using these estimates, we show that usage-based pricing eliminates low-value traffic and improves overall welfare. Usage-based pricing might decrease consumer surplus, depending on what alternative is considered. Furthermore, we show that the costs associated with investment in fiber-optic networks (an alternative proposed to deal with congestion) are likely recoverable in some markets.
We nest conduct parameters into a standard oligopoly model. The conduct parameters are modeled as functions of multimarket contact. Using data from the US airline industry, we …nd: i) carriers with little multimarket contact do not cooperate in setting fares, while carriers serving many markets simultaneously sustain almost perfect coordination; ii) cross-price elasticities play a crucial role in determining the impact of multimarket contact on collusive behavior and equilibrium fares; iii) marginal changes in multimarket contact matter only at low or moderate levels of contact; iv) assuming that …rms behave as Bertrand-Nash competitors leads to biased estimates of marginal costs.
Early lactation in the dairy cow is associated with an increased demand for energy that can only be met by hormone-mediated partitioning of nutrients. The purpose of this study was to determine adaptive responses of basal and glucose-stimulated glucagon (IRG), insulin (IRI), and growth hormone (GH) concentrations to early lactation. Blood was collected via jugular cannulas from nonpregnant nonlactating (NPNL) cows and cows 14 days antepartum (AP) and 5 and 30 days postpartum (PP). Basal concentrations of IRI decreased with lactation, IRG was essentially unchanged, and GH was increased with lactation. The molar IRI/IRG (I/G) ratio was decreased from 4.6 at day 14 AP to 1.3 at day 30 PP. The effects of exogenous glucose (0.56 mM/kg body wt) on IRI were greatest during pregnancy and declined with lactation. IRG responses to glucose were similar except in NPNL cows, which had a minimal but prolonged IRG inhibition, GH responses to glucose infusion were absent in NPNL cows and were most significant at 5 days PP. The decreased I/G and elevated GH concentrations suggests that both IRG and GH play a role in nutrient partitioning during early lactation.
We investigate the role of limited access to airport facilities as a determinant of the hub premium in the U.S. airline industry. We use original data from competition plans that airports are required to submit to the U.S. Department of Transportation in compliance with the Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the Twenty-First Century. We collect information on the availability and control of airport gates, leasing arrangements, and other restrictions limiting the expansion of airport facilities. We find that the hub premium is increasing in the ticket fare. We find that control of gates is a crucial determinant of this premium. Limits on the fees that airlines can charge for subleasing their gates lower the prices charged by airlines. Finally, control of gates and restrictions on sublease fees explain high fares only when there is a scarcity of gates relative to the number of departures from an airport.
Synopsis
A substantial variety ✕ location ✕ year second‐order interaction was observed for lint yield. Variety ✕ year and variety ✕ location interactions, however, were small and nonsignificant. Thus it does not appear necessary to divide the North Carolina cotton area into subareas for testing purposes.
An attachment for the Instron Universal Testing machine for the measurement of bind in restructured lamb roasts is described. Break strength is defined as the force in kg necessary for a polished steel ball to burst through the center of a slice of restructured roast. Elongation is the distance traveled by the ball after contact with the slice surface before the ball bursts through. As level of NaCl increased from 1% to 1.5%, values for bind characteristics increased but 10% or 30% mechanically separated lamb (MSL) did not affect values for bind characteristics. Simple correlations between three adjacent slices for break strength were all above 0.9 but values for elongation were lower (r = 0.6‐0.7).
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