Glucagon, insulin, and growth hormone responses to glucose infusion in lactating dairy cows

Sartin, J. L.; Cummins, K.A.; Kemppainen, R.J.; Marple, D. N.; Rahe, C.H.; Williams, Jonathan W.

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1985.248.1.e108

Cited by 50 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In rats hyperglycemia has been reported not to affect the GH response to GRF [21]. In contrast to the results obtained in man and rats, hyperglycemia induced by an intravenous glucose infusion consistently increased basal levels of plasma GH in sheep [22] and in lactating cows [23,24]. In our present study, plasma glucose tended to increase in a dosedependent manner after GRF injection.…”

Section: Infusion Experimentscontrasting

confidence: 95%

Effect of Mesenteric Venous Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) Infusion on GH Secretion in Sheep.

et al. 1997

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Abstract. The effects of mesenteric venous infusion of acetate, propionate and butyrate mixture (20.3, 40.5 and 81.0 ,umol kg-i mini over 4 h) on the secretion of GH was examined to investigate the effects of an increase in portal volatile fatty acids (VFA) on GH secretion in relation to inhibition of GH secretion after feeding in sheep. The mesenteric venous infusion at the rate of 40.5 tmol kg-i mini increased the portal plasma VFA concentration within the approximate physiological range after feeding. Plasma GH was noticeably suppressed only at the infusion rate of 81.0 tmol kg-i mini and the change in the mean concentration from the base line was significantly less than in the control. Although GRF injection rapidly increased plasma GH, the change in the mean concentration from the base line tended to suppress only at the infusion rate of 81.0 µmol kg-i min-i. Plasma FFA was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner after VFA infusion. The change in the mean concentration from the base line was significantly suppressed only at the infusion rate of 81.0 pmol kg' mini relative to the control infusion, but plasma glucose was unchanged by VFA infusion. It is concluded that because the increase in the portal plasma VFA concentration within the range of feeding did not suppress GH secretion, VFA absorbed by the digestive tract may not play a significant role in suppressing GH secretion after feeding in sheep.

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Section: Infusion Experimentscontrasting

confidence: 95%

Effect of Mesenteric Venous Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) Infusion on GH Secretion in Sheep.

et al. 1997

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“…Despite this generalization, insulin responses during lactation in ruminants varied widely (Sano et al, 1991;Sartin et al, 1985). Elephant seals are part of a very small subset of mammalian carnivores that fast and lactate.…”

Section: Suppression Of Insulin Response To Glucose Tolerance Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-fasting, non-obese, non-diabetic individuals in other mammalian species display depression of glucagon levels following a GTT, even when lactating (Aronoff et al, 2004;Fery et al, 1990;Sartin et al, 1985). Individuals with reduced insulin secretion (e.g.…”

Section: Glucagon Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While glucagon has been shown to increase with fasting duration in humans (Boyle et al, 1989;Fery et al, 1990), humans that are fasting and lactating simultaneously have stable glucagon levels (Tigas et al, 2002). Glucagon is stable across lactation in cattle, rats and sheep (Burnol et al, 1983;Sartin et al, 1985;Vernon and Pond, 1997). Glucagon stimulates both gluconeogenesis and lipolysis (Perea et al, 1995).…”

Section: Basal Glucose and Hormone Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hormonal regulation of glucose clearance in lactating northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)

Fowler

Champagne

Houser

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYNorthern elephant seals exhibit the rare strategy of fasting and lactating concomitantly. We investigated hormonal regulation of glucose clearance in northern elephant seals using glucose tolerance tests (GTT) performed early in lactation and again just prior to weaning. For comparison, identical measurements were made on separate females late in the molt fast. Serial blood samples were used to assess glucose clearance and hormone responses for 3 h post glucose injection. Plasma glucose remained elevated at the end of the sampling period in all groups. Glucose clearance rates were not significantly different among test groups. A significant insulin response was observed in early lactation, no significant response was observed late in lactation and an intermediate response was observed late in the molt fast. The insulin response to a glucose load decreased with adipose tissue proportions. Plasma glucagon decreased significantly following GTT in early and late lactation, although the magnitude of the depression was small in comparison to other species. Hypoinsulemia may be critical to facilitate net lipolysis late in lactation. Consistently low glucose clearance among test groups suggests insulin insensitivity within peripheral tissues. Glucagon suppression independent of insulin release suggests modification of the typical insulin-glucagon counter-regulation. These findings suggest that metabolic features of diabetic-like conditions may be adaptive in the context of long-term fasting.

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“…Although the precise signal transduction mechanisms of the type I receptor are not known, it may possess tyrosine kinase activity (reviewed by Sara and Hall 1990 During natural lactation, increasing milk yield is associated with an elevated blood concentration of GH (Ingalls et al 1973; Hart et al 1979;Vasilatos and Wangsness 1981 ;Bines and Hart 1982;Sartin et al 1985) which declines during later lactation (Koprowski and Tucker 1973). High-yielding cows have also been shown to have higher serum GH concentrations than low-yielding cows during lactation (Hart et al 1978;Sartin et al 1988).…”

Section: Effects Of Growth Hormone On Body Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of bovine growth hormone

Burton¹,

McBride²,

Block³

et al. 1994

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

132

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. 74: 16'7-201. Unprecedented numbers of technical papers, abstracts, and short communications have been published in the past decade regarding the effects of exogenous bovine growth hormone on milk production, health, and reproductive efficiency of treated dairy cows. In well-managed dairy herds, exogenous growth hormone increases milk production without altering normal variability in milk composition. This has held true regardless of dairy breed tested, geographical location studied, or feeding management system used. Also consistent across studies is the rapidity of the galactopoietic effect of administered bovine growth hormone, which arises from altered partitioning and use of post-absorptive nutrients and increased synthetic capacity of the mammary gland. Growth hormone and its associated peptide, insulin-like growth factor-I, are now known to provide chronic lipolytic, diabetogenic, and gluconeogenic signals to target tissues culminating in increased mammary gland availability of glucose and nonesterified fatty acids. Together with yet ill-defined effects on mammary secretory tissue, this homeorhetic control of metabolism elicited by exogenous growth hormone is so efficient that treated cows are not more susceptible to metabolic disorders than untreated cows. However, some studies have reported an increased frequency of mastitis in groups of treated cows. This has been attributed mainly to increased milk volume in the mammary glands of treated cows and no convincing data are available that show decreased mammary gland immunity as a result of growth hormone treatments. On the contrary, an expanding body of evidence implicates growth hormone as a key neuroendocrine factor that is required for immunological competence. Trends of decreased reproductive efficiency in cows treated with growth hormone have also been reported, but available data imply that this is probably an indirect effect via prolonged negative energy balance in cows treated in early lactation rather than a direct negative effect on estrous cycling via altered reproductive hormone profiles. The objectives of the present review are to bring into focus and summarize pertinent biological discoveries regarding the treatment of dairy cows with recombinant bovine growth hormone, and to explore areas where additional growth hormone research is needed or warranted.Key words: Growth hormone, somatotropin, dairy cows, insulin-like growth factor-I Burton, J. L., McBride, B. W., Block, E., Glimm, D. et Kennelly,E. 1994. L'horrnone de croissance bovinemais au point bibliographique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 74: . D'innombrables m6moires techniques, r6sum6s analytiques et communications brdves ont 6t6 publi6s dans la dernidre d6cennie au sujet des effets de I'hormone de croissance bovine exogdne sur la production laitidre, sur la sant6 et sur les fonctions de reproduction des vaches laitidres trait6es. Dans les 6levages laitiers bien conduits, la GH exogbne accroit la production de lait sans modifier la variabilit6 normale de sa composition, et cela inddpendamme...

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Glucagon, insulin, and growth hormone responses to glucose infusion in lactating dairy cows

Cited by 50 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of Mesenteric Venous Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) Infusion on GH Secretion in Sheep.

Effect of Mesenteric Venous Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) Infusion on GH Secretion in Sheep.

Hormonal regulation of glucose clearance in lactating northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)

A review of bovine growth hormone

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