The current research examined accuracy and bias in daily forecasts within romantic relationships. Results of an extensive daily report study involving 200 romantic dyads and 4,822 daily observations suggested that predictions regarding affect and partner behavior that will occur tomorrow are somewhat accurate, predicted by actual experiences tomorrow, but are largely biased by current experiences. Participants appeared to project the current state of their relationship into the future, a temporal projection bias. This bias predicted forecasters' pro-relationship motivation and behavior. Forecasters were less likely to exhibit the temporal projection bias when they were high in relationship commitment, and they were more likely to exhibit the bias when they were high in need for cognitive closure, suggesting that motivation can constrain or amplify tendencies to project the present into the future. Implications for interpersonal relationships are discussed.
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is an emerging low side effect cancer therapy based on a monoclonal antibody (mAb) conjugated with a near-infrared (NIR) phthalocyanine dye IRDye 700DX. IR700 is fluorescent, can be used as an imaging agent, and also is phototoxic. It induces rapid cell death after exposure to NIR light. PIT induces highly selective cancer cell death, while leaving most of tumor blood vessels unharmed, leading to an effect called super-enhanced permeability and retention (SUPR). SUPR significantly improves the effectiveness of the anticancer drug. Currently, the therapeutic effects of PIT are monitored using the IR700 fluorescent signal based on macroscopic fluorescence reflectance imagery. This technique, however, lacks the resolution and depth information to reveal the intratumor heterogeneity of mAb-IR700 distribution. We applied a minimally invasive two-channel fluorescence fiber imaging system by combining the traditional fluorescence imaging microscope with two imaging fiber bundles (~0.85 mm). This method monitored mAb-IR700 distribution and therapeutic effects during PIT at different intratumor locations (e.g., tumor surface vs. deep tumor) in situ and in real time simultaneously. This enabled evaluation of the therapeutic effects in vivo and treatment regimens. The average IR700 fluorescence intensity recovery after PIT to the tumor surface is 91.50%, while it is 100.63% in deep tumors. To verify the results, two-photon microscopy combined with a microprism was also used to record the mAb-IR700 distribution and fluorescence intensity of green fluorescent protein (GFP) at different tumor depths during PIT. After PIT treatment, there was significantly higher IR700 fluorescence recovery in deep tumor than in the tumor surface. This phenomenon can be explained by increased vascular permeability immediately after NIR-PIT. Fluorescence intensity of GFP at the tumor surface decreased significantly more compared to that of deep tumor and in controls (no PIT).
Emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technology enables the fabrication of optically realistic and morphologically complex tissue-simulating phantoms for the development and evaluation of novel optical imaging products. In this study, we assess the potential to print image-defined neurovascular phantoms with patent channels for contrast-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging. An anatomical map defined from clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was segmented and processed into files suitable for printing a forebrain vessel network in rectangular and curved-surface biomimetic phantoms. Methods for effectively cleaning samples with complex vasculature were determined. A final set of phantoms were imaged with a custom NIRF system at 785 nm excitation using two NIRF contrast agents. In addition to demonstrating the strong potential of 3D printing for creating highly realistic, patient-specific biophotonic phantoms, our work provides insight into optimal methods for accomplishing this goal and elucidates current limitations of this approach.
Three-dimensional fluorescence laminar optical tomography (FLOT) can achieve resolutions of 100-200 µm and penetration depths of 2-3 mm. FLOT has been used in tissue engineering, neuroscience, as well as oncology. The limited dynamic range of the chargecoupled device-based system makes it difficult to image fluorescent samples with a large concentration difference, limits its penetration depth, and diminishes the quantitative accuracy of 3D reconstruction data. Here, incorporating the high-dynamic-range (HDR) method widely used in digital cameras, we present HDR-FLOT, increasing penetration depth and improving the ability to image fluorescent samples with a large concentration difference. The method was tested using an agar phantom and a B6 mouse for brain imaging in vivo.
Early detection of neoplastic changes remains a critical challenge in clinical cancer diagnosis and treatment. Many cancers arise from epithelial layers such as those of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Current standard endoscopic technology is difficult to detect the subsurface lesions. In this research, we investigated the feasibility of a novel multi-modal optical imaging approach including high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) and high-sensitivity fluorescence laminar optical tomography (FLOT) for structural and molecular imaging. The C57BL/6J-Apc Min /J mice were imaged using OCT and FLOT, and the correlated histopathological diagnosis was obtained. Quantitative structural (scattering coefficient) and molecular (relative enzyme activity) parameters were obtained from OCT and FLOT images for multi-parametric analysis. This multi-modal imaging method has demonstrated the feasibility for more accurate diagnosis with 88.23% (82.35%) for sensitivity (specificity) compared to either modality alone. This study suggested that combining OCT and FLOT is promising for subsurface cancer detection, diagnosis, and characterization. Muthasamy, C. J. Lightdale, N. Santiago, D. K. Pleskow, P. J. Dean, and K. K. Wang, "Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's esophagus: 5-year outcomes from a prospective multicenter trial," Endoscopy 42(10), 781-789 (2010 cancer lesion with swept-source optical coherence tomography," J.
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