A series of Cp*IrIII dimers have been synthesized to elucidate the mechanistic viability of radical oxo-coupling pathways in iridium-catalyzed O2 evolution. The oxidative stability of the precursors toward nanoparticle formation and their oxygen evolution activity have been investigated and compared to suitable monomeric analogues. We found that precursors bearing monodentate NHC ligands degraded to form nanoparticles (NPs), and accordingly their O2 evolution rates were not significantly influenced by their nuclearity or distance between the two metals in the dimeric precursors. A doubly chelating bis-pyridine–pyrazolide ligand provided an oxidation-resistant ligand framework that allowed a more meaningful comparison of catalytic performance of dimers with their corresponding monomers. With sodium periodate (NaIO4) as the oxidant, the dimers provided significantly lower O2 evolution rates per [Ir] than the monomer, suggesting a negative interaction instead of cooperativity in the catalytic cycle. Electrochemical analysis of the dimers further substantiates the notion that no radical oxyl-coupling pathways are accessible. We thus conclude that the alternative path, nucleophilic attack of water on high-valent Ir-oxo species, may be the preferred mechanistic pathway of water oxidation with these catalysts, and bimolecular oxo-coupling is not a valid mechanistic alternative as in the related ruthenium chemistry, at least in the present system.

Cp*IrIII and CpIrIII complexes have attracted interest as catalysts for oxidative transformations, and highly oxidizing iridium species are postulated as key intermediates in both catalytic water and C–H bond oxidation. Strongly electron-donating ligand sets have been shown to stabilize IrIV complexes. We describe the synthesis and reactivity of complexes containing the CpIr(biphenyl-2,2′-diyl) moiety stabilized by a series of strong donor carbon-based ligands. The oxidation chemistry of these complexes has been characterized electrochemically, and a singly oxidized IrIV species has been observed by X-band EPR for the complex CpIr(biph)(p-CNCH2SO2C6H4CH3).

A series of cyclometalated benzoquinoline complexes of Ir(III) catalyze the hydrogenation of the heterocyclic ring of quinolines under mild conditions. Our best catalyst is active in a significantly wider range of solvents than our previous systems. In the presence of a suitable base, the Ir(III) species is also able to hydrogenate the CO bonds of aldehydes. When quinolines and aldehydes are present together, the Ir(III) complex catalyzes a tandem reaction in which the quinoline is first hydrogenated to a tetrahydroquinoline that is subsequently reductively alkylated by the aldehyde. The reductive alkylation competes with the hydrogenation of the aldehyde to the alcohol, and therefore good yields of the alkylated tetrahydroquinoline require the presence of excess aldehyde.

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