This account of the geology of Western Aden Protectorate and of major basement rock groups of Eastern Aden Protectorate is based on photogeological interpretation and on data from a field survey during November 1961 to February 1962. Attention is concentrated mainly upon igneous and metamorphic rocks.An assemblage of metamorphosed sedimentary and mafic igneous rocks, to which the term "Aden Metamorphic Group" is assigned, rests upon older gneiss and is invaded by syntectonic granite with associated zones of metasomatism and migmatization. Subsequent to the main period of regional metamorphism but prior to a later period of stress, plutonic intrusions of dioritic and gabbroic rock occurred; these were followed after a short interval by intrusions of granite. Older volcanic rocks of the Eastern Aden Protectorate are regarded as approximately contemporaneous with mafic intrusions of this phase. Slightly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of Wadi Ghabar, Eastern Protectorate, are thought to represent uppermost basement rocks. Posttectonic granites of early Paleozoic age and mafic plutonic rocks of possibly similar age are described. Rare intrusions of alkaline granite are thought to be of Tertiary age.An early phase of regional (dynamothermal) metamorphism is distinguished from a later phase of essentially dynamic type. The highest grade of metamorphism recorded is that of the almandine-amphibolite facies. The effect of syntectonic granite invasion upon metamorphic grade is considered.A synopsis of the geology of basement rocks is given, and regional correlation of basement rocks made, in which the Aden Metamorphic Group is tentatively correlated with the main part of the Medina Series, and the Ghabar Group of the Eastern Protectorate with the Fatima Series of Saudi Arabia.A section on the Aden Trap Series includes petrographic examples and a discussion of relations with surrounding rocks and of the probable history of this phase of vulcanism. The age of the series is considered to be Late Cretaceous to Tertiary.Dike rocks of three ages are present.A relatively brief account of sedimentary rocks is largely based on the work of Beydoun in Eastern Aden Protectorate. Fossils collected from these rocks are listed.An account is given of the Aden Volcanic Series, which consists mainly of basaltic lava flows of late Miocene, or Pliocene, to Recent age.The structure of the Western Protectorate is considered in conjunction with that of the Eastern Protectorate. Basement 1 Of the Overseas Geological Surveys, London. strike trends, hitherto not known in detail, are discussed and an account of folding and foliation is given. Since at least Jurassic times the region has suffered intermittent epeirogenic uplift accompanied by faulting. A major phase of uplift of the main basement block of the Western Protectorate, associated with faulting principally along Red Sea trends, dates from late Cretaceous or early Tertiary times. A dominant feature in the Eastern Protectorate is the development of the Tertiary Hadhramut arch. Faulting of fo...
This article argues that Flowers (flores sanctorum), collections of saints’ lives arranged by the liturgical calendar, were the first genre of devotional literature to have a global reach during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This article begins with the medieval origins of Flowers before analysing their dispersion in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by the Franciscans and Jesuits. By taking a temporal long view and a transoceanic perspective, the article contributes to the scholarship on early modern evangelization, translation, global networks, and the historiographies of the Franciscans and Jesuits.
Studies of the Society of Jesus during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries have investigated Jesuit life-writing, its early history and practices, and the global missions at length. A synthesis of these topics, however, had been lacking, a lacuna now filled by this monograph. By way of the life cycle of a Jesuit from entry until departure, Camilla Russell examines the mentalities of the men wanting and gaining admission into the Society, Jesuits who wanted to serve locally and abroad, and their exit by death, withdrawal, or removal. Her analysis draws from "biographical writing," which ranged from lives to statements of entry to the indipetae. The last were petitions by candidates for the mission to the "Indies," a concept linked with Asia and the Americas. The Indies were also repurposed to apply to European locales as evident in southern Italy, which was dubbed "Our Indies." The indipetae, as Russell made clear, has generated interest from scholars although the full potential of these sixteen thousand petitions prior to the suppression in 1773 has yet to be exploited to its fullest (60-61). Underpinning the preparation of these "biographies" was the letter-writing practices of the Society that had its administrative functions along with the dispatches' potential to edify its readers (100-105). Jesuits copied and forwarded letters, some of which were printed to amplify circulation. Russell contains the largesse of documentary evidence, held at arsi, by focusing on the Italian members of the Society, resulting in a book made manageable, while also meaningful.Starting with an excellent overview of the Society in its first century (1540-1640), Russell transitioned to the applicants for entry in Chapter One, which highlighted the practicalities of abandoning one's previous life and ties to become a Jesuit. Grounds for rejection included mental instability and dubious morals. Practicalities though were a factor as well. For example, there are repeated references to the denials based on the financial and familial hardship that would result from the candidate's entry into the Society. Russell conveyed that the Jesuits had a thorough vetting process that considered more than the devotional mettle of a new charge.Membership did not guarantee a post in the missions outside of Europe, which required another round of petitions, including those to the superior general, that form the basis for Chapter Two. Russell demonstrated the process to determine a Jesuit's suitability for missionary work with ableness in languages and preaching being among the most invaluable skills. Chapter Three considered the candidates turned missionaries in Asia, where the majority of Italian Jesuits were sent. The treaties of Tordesillas (1494) and Zaragoza book reviews
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