Alveolar-arterial difference in oxygen tension (A-aD) and physiological dead space/tidal volume ratio (Vd/Vt) were measured in normal subjects aged 17–66 years, in the supine and sitting postures. Paoo2 decreased and A-aD increased with age. A-aD was not affected by posture, but increased with Paoo2. Regression equations relating Paoo2 and A-aD to age, and Paoo2 were calculated. Vd/Vt increased with age in the supine position, but when sitting the increase with age was small and barely significant. Consequently, although Vd/Vt was greater when sitting than when supine in young subjects, there was no such difference in the older subjects. Possible reasons for the effect of age and body position are discussed. Submitted on August 6, 1962
There is a general trend amongst mass media organisations around the world towards concentration of the visual, written and audio packaging and of newspapers, websites and television as channels of information. These platforms are explored in detail in this paper in relation to the moral panics around 'internet trolling'. This paper discusses the history of trolling in the context of mass media, specifically 'classical trolling' and 'Anonymous trolling'. A review of different media headlines finds that whether or not a story is portrayed in newspapers, online, or on television, the media will use a variety of ways to convey their messages. In the case of 'trolls', they show a darker, sinister and transgressive side of cyberspace in the form of abuse and vitriol (i.e., anonymous trolling). The paper concludes that future research should look in detail at the different character types of internet troller and how these affect the way so called 'trolls' are represented in the media and the effect this has on the attitude towards young internet users and trollers in general.
Social impairments materialise in a number of forms, from developmental disabilities such as autistic spectrum disorder, to psychiatric conditions such as social phobia. The individuals diagnosed with these problems find it difficult to deal with social situations through either the inability to perform in these situations or the fear of not being able to do so. The study investigated the social and practical implications of using Mobile Internet technology to deliver information relating to a social situation in real‐time to participants with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (n = 10) and General Social Phobia (n = 3) diagnosed using DSM‐IV. The participants used the agent on their mobile phone to convert phrases they found offensive or confusing into more concise and understandable definitions. Analysing their attitudes revealed that the technology enables socially impaired individuals to learn the meaning of emotions and understand more about how they communicate with their peers. However, the study concludes that governmental organisations, education providers and society as a whole need to adopt a cohesive approach to communication to ensure socially impaired individuals are fully included in society
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