The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large‐scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications.
RESUMO -Líquidos iônicos (LI) são sais líquidos abaixo de 100o C, formados por uma variedade de cátion (família catiônica e cadeia alquílica) e ânion orgânico ou inorgânico. Sua característica iônica e versatilidade de formação permite a aplicação como novos solventes na indústria. Por esta razão, estes compostos podem ocorrer nos efluentes industriais, e consequentemente necessitam de procedimento para a sua degradação. Este trabalho aplicou diferentes processos de oxidação avançada (Fenton, foto-Fenton e foto-Fenton solar) na degradação de LI baseados em imidazólio ([C n mim]Cl, n=2-8) à 25 mM. A análise dos LI's foi realizada em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detector UV-Vis. O efeito das concentrações dos íons Fe +2 e do H 2 O 2 na degradação dos LI foram avaliadas, tendo como melhor condição 20 mM e 500 mM, respectivamente. A diminuição da cadeia alquílica do LI possibilitou a maior degradação do LI. O processo foto-Fenton solar foi o mais efetivo (degradação de 100% em 180 min). A cinética de formação dos intermediários aromáticos do LI foi avaliada, sendo identificados e quantificados três intermediários aromáticos (cloreto de 1-metil-3-metilimidazólio, cloreto de 1-metilimidazólio e cloreto de imidazólio), quatro acídos carboxílicos (acético, fórmico, oxálico e fumárico) e íons inorgânicos como NO 3 -, Cl -e SO 4 -2 .
The structure of freshwater phytoplankton communities can be strongly influenced by environmental and spatial processes at different scales. To identify the main forces that drive phytoplankton structure becomes a relevant tool to understand several knowledge gaps in the phytoplankton ecology domain, such as community succession, biological invasions and responses to disturbances. We used the morphological-based functional groups (MBFG) approach to investigate the influence of environmental conditions (physical and chemical factors), nutrient availability and spatial processes (habitat connection and species dispersal) in structuring microphytoplankton community in a subtropical hypereutrophic reservoir located in southern Brazil. Samples were taken quarterly, between February 2017 and December 2018. We used distance-based multivariate analysis of variance (PERMA-NOVA) to evaluate potential spatial and seasonal dissimilarities in the MBFG's biovolume, and variation partitioning approach (pRDA) to evaluate the role of environmental, nutrient availability and spatial components in explain the microphytoplankton community structure. We identified 16 microphytoplankton taxa, which were sorted into five MBFGs. Significant seasonal dissimilarities were observed in the MBFG's biovolume. Higher relative biovolume of potential harmful cyanobacteria (MBFG III) and alien dinoflagellates (MBFG V) was observed in summer and autumn/winter, respectively. Pure environmental component (composed by physical and chemical predictors insolation, precipitation, total dissolved solids, turbidity, water temperature, water transparency and wind intensity) explained 45% of the variance in the MBFG's biovolume, whereas pure nutrient availability component explained 7% and spatial component explained only 3% of the biotic variance. The results showed that the environmental factorsespecially the seasonal-influenced onesare more effective than nutrient availability and spatial processes in explaining the microphytoplankton community structure in this ecosystem. Our findings alert to the need to consider the variability of the environmental conditions (mainly those directly influenced by seasonality) in phytoplankton community structure in disturbed freshwater ecosystems prone to eutrophication events.
Este trabalho descreve o projeto de construção do sumô de robô, que tem como principal objetivo produzir conhecimento da prática acerca de robótica, automação, programação, comandos elétricos, desenvolvimento de peças. O sumô de robô consiste em uma modalidade de competição de lutas contra robôs, que assemelha ao sumô humano. A elaboração e construção deste robô foram necessários à utilização de microcontroladores, sensores, protocolos de comunicação, sistema de tração e integração de sistemas de diferentes disciplinas, como mecânica, elétrica e controle. O robô de sumô é um passo importante no processo do desenvolvimento de conhecimento na área de automação, pois qualquer robô autônomo necessita da integração entre mecânica, eletrônica e software.
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