The interpretation of meteor radar observations has remained an open problem for decades. One of the most critical parameters to establish the size of an incoming meteoroid from radar echoes is the ionization coefficient, β, which still remains poorly known. Here we report on new experiments to simulate micrometeoroid ablation in laboratory conditions to measure β for iron particles impacting N2, air, CO2, and He gases. This new data set is compared to previous laboratory data where we find agreement except for He and air impacts > 30 km/s. We calibrate the Jones model of β(v) and provide fit parameters to these gases and find agreement with all gases except CO2 and high‐speed air impacts where we observe βair > 1 for velocities > 70 km/s. These data therefore demonstrate potential problems with using the Jones model for CO2 atmospheres as well as for high‐speed meteors on Earth.

A facility has been developed to simulate the ablation of micrometeoroids in laboratory conditions. An electrostatic dust accelerator is used to generate iron particles with velocities of 10-70 km/s. The particles are then introduced into a chamber pressurized with a target gas, where the pressure is adjustable between 0.01 and 0.5 Torr, and the particle partially or completely ablates over a short distance. An array of biased electrodes above and below the ablation path is used to collect the generated ions/electrons with a spatial resolution of 2.6 cm along the ablating particles’ path, thus allowing the study of the spatiotemporal evolution of the process. For completely ablated particles, the total collected charge directly yields the ionization coefficient of a given dust material-target gas combination. The first results of this facility measured the ionization coefficient of iron atoms with N2, air, CO2, and He target gases for impact velocities >20 km/s, and are reported by Thomas et al. [Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 3645 (2016)]. The ablation chamber is also equipped with four optical ports that allow for the detection of the light emitted by the ablating particle. A multichannel photomultiplier tube system is used to observe the ablation process with a spatial and temporal resolution of 0.64 cm and 90 ns. The preliminary results indicate that it is possible to calculate the velocity of the ablating particle from the optical observations, and in conjunction with the spatially resolved charge measurements allow for experimental validation of ablation models in future studies.

Saturn’s main ring system is associated with a set of small moons that either are embedded within it or interact with the rings to alter their shape and composition. Five close flybys of the moons Pan, Daphnis, Atlas, Pandora, and Epimetheus were performed between December 2016 and April 2017 during the ring-grazing orbits of the Cassini mission. Data on the moons’ morphology, structure, particle environment, and composition were returned, along with images in the ultraviolet and thermal infrared. We find that the optical properties of the moons’ surfaces are determined by two competing processes: contamination by a red material formed in Saturn’s main ring system and accretion of bright icy particles or water vapor from volcanic plumes originating on the moon Enceladus.

<p>Due to the their ubiquity and the high impact energy leading to extremely high temperatures and pressures in the affected materials, the physical processes caused by HVIs play an important role in a variety of fields such as the investigation of matter at extreme pressures and temperature, shock waves in solid bodies or even Solar System research, planetology, cosmic dust research and space engineering:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Cratering phenomena throughout the Solar System :</strong>The first systematic investigation of HVIs of micro-meteoroites was dedicated to the understanding of micro-cratering on lunar rock samples. The size and morphology of resulting micro-craters was investigated as a function of particle size and impact speed.</li> <li><strong>Planetology</strong> – Characterization, development and calibration of dust sensors measuring the composition, size and trajectory information of micrometeoroids aboard interplanetary spacecrafts.</li> <li><strong>Astrobiology</strong> – Simulation of hyper-velocity impacts of organic micron-sized projectiles and mass spectrometric analysis of impact plasmas containing complex organic molecules; simulation of micrometeoroid impacts onto water ice surfaces.</li> <li><strong>Space weathering: </strong>Alteration of bombarded surfaces</li> <li><strong>Cosmic Dust research:</strong> A major part of what we know today of HVIs of micro-meteoroites was obtained in the process of developing, calibrating and operation of in situ instruments for the investigation of dust in the Solar System. Thereby induced physical processes generate measurable signals which are then transmitted to Earth and can be analyzed afterwards.There are a variety of methods for in situ dust measurements such as the detection of thin foil penetration, the particle charge, the emerging impact flash or ions generated upon impact, revealing the particles’ velocity, trajectory, mass and even chemical composition. Of all these methods, the generation of charge during impacts provides one of the most sensitive methods for the detection and and the most comprehensible characterization of dust particles in space. The characterization of the dynamical and even chemical properties of dust particles in the Solar System allows us to investigate the origin of cosmic dust and its role in the formation of the Solar System and even its role in the origin of life.</li> <li><strong>Impact physics/Materials under extreme conditions</strong> – Investigation of plasma and material conditions of projectile-surface interactions under hyper-velocity impact conditions.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Electrostatic dust accelerators<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></strong></p> <p>To calibrate in-situ dust<span class="Apple-converted-space">  </span>instruments and to get a deeper understanding of the processes involved, hypervelocity impact measurements under similar and well defined conditions are required. For this purpose, a Van-de-Graaff type ion accelerator was modified at the MPI-K/HD in the late 1960ies. The accelerator was equipped with a dust source capable of charging and accelerating dust particles (Fig. 1).</p> <p><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64, 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

<p>We present the science planning tool for dust instrument observations that is currently under development within the DESTINY+ project. The JAXA-led DESTINY+ mission (Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for Interplanetary voyage Phaethon fLyby and dUst Science), set to launch in 2024, carries two camera instruments intended to study the active asteroid 3200 Phaethon during a flyby in 2028, as well as the Destiny+ Dust Analyzer (DDA), an impact ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer which will sample Phaethon’s dust environment. During the 4-years voyage leading up to the flyby, DDA will also study interplanetary and interstellar dust particles as its second main science objective. For this phase, the science working team is preparing tools to produce suitable high-level science operations schedules.</p><p>As DESTINY+ relies on solar-electric propulsion to expand its Earth orbit and ultimately reach interplanetary space, a highly dynamic spacecraft attitude is required to achieve an optimal thrust vector and illumination of the solar panels. To maintain some pointing autonomy, DDA has a dual-axis pointing mechanism, granting a coverage of 1pi solid angle. The dynamic attitude combined with the flexibility of a pointing mechanism warrants elaborate planning to optimize coverage of directional dust fluxes, such as interstellar dust. Here we present the DDA Observation Planning Environment (DOPE), which is a graphical tool for intuitive campaign design, including visualizations such as spacecraft orientation or instrument footprint. Under the hood DOPE uses the SPICE toolkit for all geometric or time calculations, thus import of SPICE kernels for spacecraft trajectory, attitude, and clock is required. Here we describe the DDA science planning process to provide a contextual frame for the tool and demonstrate its functionality with emphasis on the geometrical capabilities.</p>

<p>The Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) onboard Cassini characterized successfully the dust environment at Saturn from 2004 to 2017. The study of Saturn’s E ring and its interaction with the embedded moons was a major scientific goal of Cassini. After the end of the mission, the entire CDA data can be analyzed to derive the global parameters of Saturn’s E ring.</p> <p>The CDA instrument measured the primary charge, speed, mass and composition of individual submicron and micron sized dust grains. The instrument was continuously collecting data of dust fluxes and apparent dust densities. Therefore the data cover radial distances between 3 and 20 Saturn radii and equatorial as well as high latitudes. However, the relative impact velocities varied with the dynamical properties of the Cassini spacecraft and with the dust particles. Small relative impact speeds lead to higher mass thresholds for impact detection such that this effect has to be considered in calculating apparent dust densities. Furthermore, the pointing profile of the instrument and the related observation geometry was highly variable. This paper describes an approach to define a dust environment model at Saturn based on the entire CDA dataset.</p>

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