Biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is regarded as one of the most promising platform chemicals to produce 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF) as a potential liquid transportation fuel. Pd nanoparticles supported on N‐containing and N‐free mesoporous carbon materials were prepared, characterized, and applied in the hydrogenolysis of HMF to DMF under mild reaction conditions. Quantitative conversion of HMF to DMF was achieved in the presence of formic acid (FA) and H2 over Pd/NMC within 2 h. The reaction mechanism, especially the multiple roles of FA, was explored through a detailed comparative study by varying hydrogen source, additive, and substrate as well as by applying in situ ATR‐IR spectroscopy. The major role of FA is to shift the dominant reaction pathway from the hydrogenation of the aldehyde group to the hydrogenolysis of the hydroxymethyl group via the protonation by FA at the C‐OH group, lowering the activation barrier of the C−O bond cleavage and thus significantly enhancing the reaction rate. XPS results and DFT calculations revealed that Pd2+ species interacting with pyridine‐like N atoms significantly enhance the selective hydrogenolysis of the C−OH bond in the presence of FA due to their high ability for the activation of FA and the stabilization of H−.
A series of spray-flame made LaCo1−xFexO3 nanoparticles showed promising activity for liquid-phase cyclohexene oxidation. Various oxidizing agents, i.e., O2, H2O2 and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, led to different product selectivities.
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Biomass char conversion is substantially influenced by metals contained in the material. One of the main catalytically active metals in biomass is Fe which occurs in various mineral forms. For an implementation of catalytic effects into char conversion models, investigations on mineral type and loading are required. In this work, the catalytic effect of an Fe loading series on the oxidation of an inherently mineral-free char was analysed. Characterisations focused on the Fe phase present in the char identifying its transition from FeSO4 to γ-Fe2O3 during doping, and further to ε-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3 upon char oxidation. A very high loadingdependent activity of ε-Fe2O3 was found.
Aus Biomasse gewonnenes 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) gilt als vielversprechende Plattformchemikalien zur Herstellung von 2,5‐Dimethylfuran (DMF) als flüssigen Transportkraftstoff. Pd‐Nanopartikel auf N‐haltigen und N‐freien mesoporösen Kohlenstoffmaterialien wurden hergestellt, charakterisiert und bei der Hydrogenolyse von HMF zu DMF unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen eingesetzt. Die quantitative Umwandlung von HMF zu DMF wurde in Gegenwart von Ameisensäure (FA) und H2 über Pd/NMC innerhalb von 2 h erreicht. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wurde durch Variation der Wasserstoffquelle, des Additivs und des Substrats sowie durch In‐situ‐ATR‐IR‐Spektroskopie erforscht. Die Hauptrolle von FA besteht darin, den dominanten Reaktionsweg von der Hydrierung der Aldehydgruppe zur Hydrogenolyse der Hydroxymethylgruppe über die Protonierung durch FA an der C‐OH‐Gruppe zu verlagern, wodurch die Aktivierungsbarriere der C‐O‐Bindungsspaltung gesenkt und somit die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit deutlich erhöht wird. XPS‐Ergebnisse und DFT‐Berechnungen zeigten, dass Pd2+‐Spezies, die mit pyridinartigen N‐Atomen interagieren, die selektive Hydrogenolyse der C‐OH‐Bindung in Anwesenheit von FA aufgrund ihrer hohen Fähigkeit zur Aktivierung von FA und zur Stabilisierung von H− deutlich verbessern.
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