Seven ice mass balance instruments deployed near 83°N on different first‐year and second‐year ice floes, representing variable snow and ice conditions, documented the evolution of snow and ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard in January–March 2015. Frequent profiles of temperature and thermal diffusivity proxy were recorded to distinguish changes in snow depth and ice thickness with 2 cm vertical resolution. Four instruments documented flooding and snow‐ice formation. Flooding was clearly detectable in the simultaneous changes in thermal diffusivity proxy, increased temperature, and heat propagation through the underlying ice. Slush then progressively transformed into snow‐ice. Flooding resulted from two different processes: (i) after storm‐induced breakup of snow‐loaded floes and (ii) after loss of buoyancy due to basal ice melt. In the case of breakup, when the ice was cold and not permeable, rapid flooding, probably due to lateral intrusion of seawater, led to slush and snow‐ice layers at the ocean freezing temperature (−1.88°C). After the storm, the instruments documented basal sea‐ice melt over warm Atlantic waters and ocean‐to‐ice heat flux peaked at up to 400 W m−2. The warm ice was then permeable and flooding was more gradual probably involving vertical intrusion of brines and led to colder slush and snow‐ice (−3°C). The N‐ICE2015 campaign provided the first documentation of significant flooding and snow‐ice formation in the Arctic ice pack as the slush partially refroze. Snow‐ice formation may become a more frequently observed process in a thinner ice Arctic.
At the end of their life, surface bubbles burst and emit aerosols, which drastically impact exchanges in liquid as well as in pathogens or flavors with the surrounding atmosphere. This exchange depends on the thickness of the liquid film and is thus linked to the bubble drainage dynamics and to their lifetime. In this article, we propose to explore both feature for big surface bubbles depending on their size. We also explore the impact of atmospheric humidity by a careful control and systematic variation of the relative humidity. We show that a model including both capillary and gravity driven drainage gives a prediction of the bubble lifetime in line with experiments provided convection is taken into account to calculate the evaporation rate. arXiv:1907.09734v1 [cond-mat.soft]
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