Observations of flooding and snow‐ice formation in a thinner <scp>A</scp>rctic sea‐ice regime during the <scp>N‐ICE</scp>2015 campaign: Influence of basal ice melt and storms

Provost, Christine; Sennéchael, Nathalie; Miguet, Jonas; Itkin, Polona; Rösel, Anja; Koenig, Zoé; Villacieros-Robineau, Nicolás; Granskog, Mats A.

doi:10.1002/2016jc012011

Cited by 70 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…Recent work on pack ice north of Svalbard with ice mass balance (IMB) buoys, that can detect both bottom and surface ice growth/melt using thermal resistivity measurements, showed episodic flooding and potential snow‐ice formation events in winter [ Provost et al, ]. Thick snow cover in the region (0.5 m on average) and an ice pack with modal ice thicknesses <1.3 m [ Rösel et al ., ; King et al ., ] resulted in flooding and snow‐ice formation during floe breakup events and when basal ice melt resulted in negative freeboards for level ice near the ice edge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thick snow cover in the region (0.5 m on average) and an ice pack with modal ice thicknesses <1.3 m [ Rösel et al ., ; King et al ., ] resulted in flooding and snow‐ice formation during floe breakup events and when basal ice melt resulted in negative freeboards for level ice near the ice edge. Observations by Provost et al [] resemble the observations reported by Tucker et al . [] of flooding near the ice edge further south in Fram Strait.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here we report on results from the first water oxygen isotopic analyses of sea ice cores in the region, that can be used to quantify the contribution of snow [ Jeffries et al ., ]. While Provost et al [] specifically report on direct observations of sea‐ice flooding and potential for snow‐ice formation from IMBs near the ice edge, we show that snow contributed significantly to the mass balance of sea ice over a larger region in the Nansen Basin in winter and spring 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snow contribution to first‐year and second‐year Arctic sea ice mass balance north of Svalbard

et al. 2017

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The salinity and water oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of 29 first‐year (FYI) and second‐year (SYI) Arctic sea ice cores (total length 32.0 m) from the drifting ice pack north of Svalbard were examined to quantify the contribution of snow to sea ice mass. Five cores (total length 6.4 m) were analyzed for their structural composition, showing variable contribution of 10–30% by granular ice. In these cores, snow had been entrained in 6–28% of the total ice thickness. We found evidence of snow contribution in about three quarters of the sea ice cores, when surface granular layers had very low δ18O values. Snow contributed 7.5–9.7% to sea ice mass balance on average (including also cores with no snow) based on δ18O mass balance calculations. In SYI cores, snow fraction by mass (12.7–16.3%) was much higher than in FYI cores (3.3–4.4%), while the bulk salinity of FYI (4.9) was distinctively higher than for SYI (2.7). We conclude that oxygen isotopes and salinity profiles can give information on the age of the ice and enables distinction between FYI and SYI (or older) ice in the area north of Svalbard.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snow contribution to first‐year and second‐year Arctic sea ice mass balance north of Svalbard

et al. 2017

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“…In addition, in the Atlantic sector, the influence of an increasingly warm Atlantic water inflow will contribute to faster ice melt from below (Polyakov et al, 2017). Thus, the contribution of snow to seaice mass balance could increase (Granskog et al, 2017), with flooding events in early spring (Granskog et al, 2017;Provost et al, 2017). These conditions favor the accumulation of algae at the snow-ice interface.…”

Section: Future Predictions and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algal Hot Spots in a Changing Arctic Ocean: Sea-Ice Ridges and the Snow-Ice Interface

et al. 2018

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During the N-ICE2015 drift expedition north-west of Svalbard, we observed the establishment and development of algal communities in first-year ice (FYI) ridges and at the snow-ice interface. Despite some indications of being hot spots for biological activity, ridges are under-studied largely because they are complex structures that are difficult to sample. Snow infiltration communities can grow at the snow-ice interface when flooded. They have been commonly observed in the Antarctic, but rarely in the Arctic, where flooding is less common mainly due to a lower snow-to-ice thickness ratio. Combining biomass measurements and algal community analysis with under-ice irradiance and current measurements as well as light modeling, we comprehensively describe these two algal habitats in an Arctic pack ice environment. High biomass accumulation in ridges was facilitated by complex surfaces for algal deposition and attachment, increased light availability, and protection against strong under-ice currents. Notably, specific locations within the ridges were found to host distinct ice algal communities. The pennate diatoms Nitzschia frigida and Navicula species dominated the underside and inclined walls of submerged ice blocks, while the centric diatom Shionodiscus bioculatus dominated the top surfaces of the submerged ice blocks. Higher light levels than those in and below the sea ice, low mesozooplankton grazing, and physical concentration likely contributed to the high algal biomass at the snow-ice interface. These snow infiltration communities were dominated by Phaeocystis pouchetii and chain-forming pelagic diatoms (Fragilariopsis oceanica and Chaetoceros gelidus). Ridges are likely to form more frequently in a thinner and more dynamic ice pack, while the predicted increase in Arctic precipitation in some regions in combination with the thinning Arctic icescape might lead to larger areas of sea ice with negative freeboard and subsequent flooding during the melt season. Therefore, these two habitats are likely to become increasingly important in the new Arctic with implications for carbon export and transfer in the ice-associated ecosystem.

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“…Storms have strong impact on sea ice deformation and create open leads and even break up during very cold condition (Itkin, et al, 2017).…”

Section: Sea Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Marine Arctic Component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment

Vihma

Uotila

Sandven³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. The Arctic marine climate system is changing rapidly, seen as warming of the ocean and atmosphere, decline of sea ice cover, increase in river discharge, acidification of the ocean, and changes in marine ecosystems. Socio-economic activities 20 in the coastal and marine Arctic are simultaneously changing. This calls for establishment of a marine Arctic component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (MA-PEEX). There is a need for more in-situ observations on the marine atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean, but increasing the amount of such observations is a pronounced technological and logistical challenge. The SMEAR (Station Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) concept can be applied in coastal and archipelago stations, but in the Arctic Ocean it will probably be more cost-effective to further develop a strongly distributed marine observation network 25 based on autonomous buoys, moorings, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV).These have to be supported by research vessel and aircraft campaigns, as well as various coastal observations, including community-based ones. Major manned drifting stations may occasionally serve comparable to terrestrial SMEAR Flagship stations. To best utilize the observations, atmosphere-ocean reanalyses need to be further developed. To well integrate MA-PEEX with the existing terrestrial/atmospheric PEEX, focus is needed on the river discharge and associated fluxes, coastal 30 processes, as well as atmospheric transports in and out of the marine Arctic. More observations and research are also needed on the specific socio-economic challenges and opportunities in the marine and coastal Arctic, and on their interaction with changes in the climate and environmental system. MA-PEEX will promote international collaboration, sustainable marine Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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Observations of flooding and snow‐ice formation in a thinner Arctic sea‐ice regime during the N‐ICE2015 campaign: Influence of basal ice melt and storms

Cited by 70 publications

References 49 publications

Snow contribution to first‐year and second‐year Arctic sea ice mass balance north of Svalbard

Snow contribution to first‐year and second‐year Arctic sea ice mass balance north of Svalbard

Algal Hot Spots in a Changing Arctic Ocean: Sea-Ice Ridges and the Snow-Ice Interface

Towards the Marine Arctic Component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment

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