2D materials are interesting flat nanoplatforms for the implementation of different electrochemical processes, due to the high surface area and tunable electronic properties. 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can be produced through convenient top-down liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) methods and present capacitive behaviour that can be exploited for energy storage applications. However, in their thermodynamically stable 2H crystalline phase, they present poor electrical conductivity, being this phase a purely semiconducting one. Combination with conducting polymers like polyaniline (PANI), into nanohybrids, can provide better properties for the scope. In this work, we report on the preparation of 2D WS2@PANI hybrid materials in which we exploit the LPE TMD nanoflakes as scaffolds, onto which induce the in-situ aniline polymerization and thus achieve porous architectures, with the help of surfactants and sodium chloride acting as templating agents. We characterize these species for their capacitive behaviour in neutral pH, achieving maximum specific capacitance of 160 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, demonstrating the attractiveness of similar nanohybrids for future use in low-cost, easy-to-make supercapacitor devices.
A novel and robust procedure was developed for the rapid qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of trivalent terbium and europium in aqueous solution without significant process costs. The detection does not require a spectrophotometer, as the evaluation is done "on the fly" with the bare eye based on an optical signal. Sensitive detection is even possible in acidic solution and the presence of heavy metal ions. Therefore, the method presented can be used for an urban mining approach for the evaluation of an Eu 3+ and/or Tb 3+ content in real systems, such as wastewater or leaching solutions. The detection procedure consists of an optical read-out of the luminescence signal simultaneous to separation of various chemical species. Detection is triggered by a sensitization of the emission of the trivalent lanthanide ions during a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) process. 4′-Phenylterperydine is present in an eluent and used as an ultra-fast complexation agent functioning as highly effective photoluminescence sensitizer. The detection is done for concentrations suitable for the lanthanide recovery with the detection limit being 0.01 mM (typical lanthanide recovery limit is 0.3 mM). The novel process therefore can be used for an evaluation of suitability and profitability of their extraction from a respective solution even in the presence of various other metal ions and anions. The method developed also has potential for the detection of other luminescent rare-earth ions.
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