Rechargeable aqueous Zn/S batteries exhibit high capacity and energy density. However, the long‐term battery performance is bottlenecked by the sulfur side reactions and serious Zn anode dendritic growth in the aqueous electrolyte medium. This work addresses the problem of sulfur side reactions and zinc dendrite growth simultaneously by developing a unique hybrid aqueous electrolyte using ethylene glycol as a co‐solvent. The designed hybrid electrolyte enables the fabricated Zn/S battery to deliver an unprecedented capacity of 1435 mAh g−1 and an excellent energy density of 730 Wh kg−1 at 0.1 Ag−1. In addition, the battery exhibits capacity retention of 70% after 250 cycles even at 3 Ag−1. Moreover, the cathode charge–discharge mechanism studies demonstrate a multi‐step conversion reaction. During discharge, the elemental sulfur is sequentially reduced by Zn to S2− (S8→Sx2−→S22−+S2−false)${{\rm{S}}_8}{\bm{ \to }}{\rm{S}}_{\rm{x}}^{2{\bm{ - }}}{\bm{ \to }}{\rm{S}}_2^{2{\bm{ - }}}{\bm{ + }}{{\rm{S}}^{2{\bm{ - }}}})$, forming ZnS. On charging, the ZnS and short‐chain polysulfides will oxidize back to elemental sulfur. This electrolyte design strategy and unique multi‐step electrochemistry of the Zn/S system provide a new pathway in tackling both key issues of Zn dendritic growth and sulfur side reactions, and also in designing better Zn/S batteries in the future.
This research evaluates the impact of Sale and Leaseback (SLB) on UK commercial property prices and yields, compared with arms-length transactions. Data on 357 SLB deals and 1266 non-SLB deals is extracted from CoStar and Estates Gazette.Independent-samples t-tests and hedonic regressions and comparative analysis with the risk-free rate are undertaken. In addition to the SLB dummy variable, explanatory variables include building size, quality, age, sector, location and year of transaction. SLB transactions are found to occur at a statistically significant price premium of around 20% compared with non-SLB properties, with the greatest premium occurring in the office sector. The net initial yield of the SLB transaction sample is around 2 percentage points lower than for the non-SLB sample in every sector. Comparison with Government 10-Year Bond rates puts the results into perspective, with SLB properties achieving a 4.5 percentage point premium compared with the risk-free rate. Reasons for these differences are probed by considering the effect of WAULT and tenant covenant strength.From a vendor's perspective, the findings give an indication of the price premium they might be able to negotiate for their property compared with market prices. This will help them assess whether SLB is worthwhile compared with other available financing options.For potential purchasers, knowledge of the order of magnitude of price premiums for SLB can be used to determine an appropriate offer price. The findings of a yield reduction is helpful for institutional investors to enable them to decide whether to engage in SLB investment.
The aim of this review is to investigate the common wearable devices currently used in field hockey competitions, and to understand the hockey-specific parameters these devices measure. A systematic search was conducted by using three electronic databases and search terms that included field hockey, wearables, accelerometers, inertial sensors, global positioning system (GPS), heart rate monitors, load, performance analysis, player activity profiles, and competitions from the earliest record. The review included 39 studies that used wearable devices during competitions. GPS units were found to be the most common wearable in elite field hockey competitions, followed by heart rate monitors. Wearables in field hockey are mostly used to measure player activity profiles and physiological demands. Inconsistencies in sampling rates and performance bands make comparisons between studies challenging. Nonetheless, this review demonstrated that wearable devices are being used for various applications in field hockey. Researchers, engineers, coaches, and sport scientists can consider using GPS units of higher sampling rates, as well as including additional variables such as skin temperatures and injury associations, to provide a more thorough evaluation of players’ physical and physiological performances. Future work should include goalkeepers and non-elite players who are less studied in the current literature.
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