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The display is the last component in a chain of activity from image acquisition, compression, coding transmission and reproduction of 3-D images through to the display itself. There are various schemes for 3-D display taxonomy; the basic categories adopted for this paper are: holography where the image is produced by wavefront reconstruction, volumetric where the image is produced within a volume of space and multiple image displays where two or more images are seen across the viewing field. In an ideal world a stereoscopic display would produce images in real time that exhibit all the characteristics of the original scene. This would require the wavefront to be reproduced accurately, but currently this can only be achieved using holographic techniques. Volumetric displays provide both vertical and horizontal parallax so that several viewers can see 3-D images that exhibit no accommodation/convergence rivalry. Multiple image displays fall within three fundamental types: holoform in which a large number of views give smooth motion parallax and hence a hologram-like appearance, multiview where a series of discrete views are presented across viewing field and binocular where only two views are presented in regions that may occupy fixed positions or follow viewers' eye positions by employing head tracking. Holography enables 3-D scenes to be encoded into an interference pattern, however, this places constraints on the display resolution necessary to reconstruct a scene. Although holography may ultimately offer the solution for 3DTV, the problem of capturing naturally lit scenes will first have to be solved and holography is unlikely to provide a short-term solution due to limitations in current enabling technologies. Liquid crystal, digital micromirror, optically addressed liquid crystal and acoustooptic spatial light modulators (SLMs) have been employed as suitable spatial light modulation devices in holography. Liquid crystal SLMs are generally favored owing to the commercial availability of high fill factor, high resolution addressable devices. Volumetric displays provide Manuscript both vertical and horizontal parallax and several viewers are able to see a 3-D image that exhibits no accommodation/convergence rivalry. However, the principal disadvantages of these displays are: the images are generally transparent, the hardware tends to be complex and non-Lambertian intensity distribution cannot be displayed. Multiple image displays take many forms and it is likely that one or more of these will provide the solution(s) for the first generation of 3DTV displays.

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We present a method to analytically compute the light distribution of triangles directly in frequency space. This allows for fast evaluation, shading, and propagation of light from 3D mesh objects using angular spectrum methods. The algorithm complexity is only dependent on the hologram resolution and the polygon count of the 3D model. In contrast to other polygon based computer generated holography methods we do not need to perform a Fourier transform per surface. The theory behind the approach is derived, and a suitable algorithm to compute a digital hologram from a general triangle mesh is presented. We review some first results rendered on a spatial-light-modulator-based display by our proof-of-concept software.

This paper presents a novel method for using programmable graphics hardware to generate fringe patterns for SLM-based holographic displays. The algorithm is designed to take the programming constraints imposed by the graphics hardware pipeline model into consideration, and scales linearly with the number of object points. In contrast to previous methods we do not have to use the Fresnel approximation. The technique can also be used on several graphics processors in parallel for further optimization. We achieve real-time frame rates for objects consisting of a few hundred points at a resolution of 960x600 pixels and over 10 frames per second for 1000 points.

Adsorption of the herbicide ~,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on an iron oxide, goethite, was studied in aqueous suspensions as a function of solution pH, ionic strength of the medium, and initial 2,4-D concentration.The 2,4-D anion was reversibly adsorbed on positively charged goethite surfaces, maximum adsorption being observed near the pK, of 2,4-D (2.73) and at low ionic strength. Within certain levels of adsorption (5-22 mg 2,4-D adsorbed/g goethite) the complex became hydrophobic and floated to the liquid surface. This flotation effect disappeared on further adsorption.It is suggested that adsorbed 2,4-D anions are orientated with their hydrophobic aromatic ends directed towards the solution, the carboxyl groups being weakly bound to positive sites on the oxide surface. At high levels of adsorption, some of the anions are orientated in the opposite direction by r-7~ interaction with the first adsorbed layer and the surface reverts to its hydrophilic nature.