A Survey of 3DTV Displays: Techniques and Technologies

Abstract

The display is the last component in a chain of activity from image acquisition, compression, coding transmission and reproduction of 3-D images through to the display itself. There are various schemes for 3-D display taxonomy; the basic categories adopted for this paper are: holography where the image is produced by wavefront reconstruction, volumetric where the image is produced within a volume of space and multiple image displays where two or more images are seen across the viewing field. In an ideal world a stereoscopic display would produce images in real time that exhibit all the characteristics of the original scene. This would require the wavefront to be reproduced accurately, but currently this can only be achieved using holographic techniques. Volumetric displays provide both vertical and horizontal parallax so that several viewers can see 3-D images that exhibit no accommodation/convergence rivalry. Multiple image displays fall within three fundamental types: holoform in which a large number of views give smooth motion parallax and hence a hologram-like appearance, multiview where a series of discrete views are presented across viewing field and binocular where only two views are presented in regions that may occupy fixed positions or follow viewers' eye positions by employing head tracking. Holography enables 3-D scenes to be encoded into an interference pattern, however, this places constraints on the display resolution necessary to reconstruct a scene. Although holography may ultimately offer the solution for 3DTV, the problem of capturing naturally lit scenes will first have to be solved and holography is unlikely to provide a short-term solution due to limitations in current enabling technologies. Liquid crystal, digital micromirror, optically addressed liquid crystal and acoustooptic spatial light modulators (SLMs) have been employed as suitable spatial light modulation devices in holography. Liquid crystal SLMs are generally favored owing to the commercial availability of high fill factor, high resolution addressable devices. Volumetric displays provide Manuscript both vertical and horizontal parallax and several viewers are able to see a 3-D image that exhibits no accommodation/convergence rivalry. However, the principal disadvantages of these displays are: the images are generally transparent, the hardware tends to be complex and non-Lambertian intensity distribution cannot be displayed. Multiple image displays take many forms and it is likely that one or more of these will provide the solution(s) for the first generation of 3DTV displays.

No reference objective quality metric for stereoscopic 3D video

“…The 2D video quality is evaluated by equation (1): (1) where Ppl V represents packet loss rate, D PplV expresses the degree of video quality robustness due to packet loss, and I coding calculates the basic video quality affected the coding impairment that is introduced by video bit rate (Br V in kbps) and video frame rate (Fr V in fps). I coding is calculated as in equation (2) In equation (2), parameter O fr represents the optimal video frame rate corresponding to the video bit rate (Br V ) for the best video quality.…”

“…With the help of image processing and advanced filming and display technologies, 3D movies have drawn very much attention from the audience and made significant profits in cinemas worldwide. Similarly, 3D content has also attracted great interests in other application areas, such as 3DTV [1], 3D gaming, 3D conferencing, etc.…”

Mid-air display experiments to create novel user interfaces

“…Various stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, volumetric, holographic, and special effect screens [1] can give an illusion of objects hovering in mid-air, but they are not truly walk-through displays. There are numerous walk-through projection screens using water, smoke, fog or cryo-fog.…”

Dichoptic Viewing Methods for Binocular Rivalry Research: Prospects for Large-Scale Clinical and Genetic Studies

“…In the current article, we review traditional methods of stereoscopic viewing along with modern 3D display technology as further avenues for BR research. The latter methods that are surveyed include LCS goggles ( In the stereopsis and 3D display literature, classification of such viewing methods has been a common and recurring theme (e.g., Abileah, 2011Abileah, , 2013Benton, 2001;Benzie et al, 2007;Blundell, 2011;Borel & Doyen, 2012;Diner & Fender, 1993;Forman, 2012;Hodges, 1992;Holliman, 2006;Howard & Rogers, 2012;Järvenpää & Salmimna, 2008;Kejian & Fei, 2010;Konrad & Halle, 2007;Kovács & Balogh, 2010;Lee & Kim, 2012;Lee & Park, 2010;Lueder, 2011;Pastoor, 2005;Peddie, 2013;Su et al, 2013;Surman, 2013;Symanzik, 2011;Valyus, 1962;Urey et al, 2011). Most recently, the historical development of devices, hardware, and software for stereoscopic viewing was succinctly covered by Peddie (2013).…”