Subjects (Ss) met in two separate therapy groups for 10 weeks. Subject-selected outside raters evaluated the Ss' improvement or deterioration in problem resolution. Ratings were performed on both disclosed problems and on nondisclosedcontrol problems that the Ss had indicated as of higher or lower intensity. It was determined that the order of problem improvement was: 1) disclosed higher intensity problems; 2) disclosed lower intensity problems; 3) nondisclosed lower intensity problems; and 4) nondisclosed higher intensity problems, with all differences being significant. Employing attending-to-the-speaker as an indicator of group session cohesion, it was also demonstrated that more problems were disclosed in higher cohesive sessions; and that external raters' S improvement on problems disclosed in higher cohesive sessions as significantly greater than on those disclosed in lower cohesive sessions. The cohesion measure of attending-to-the-speaker was also correlated to the number of members trusted and ratings of satisfaction each session to validate this criterion measure. All correlations were significant. These results are discussed in relation to group therapy.
Undergraduates viewed a videotape of role-played problem vignettes and responded as though they were in face-to-face contact with the speakers. Half of the subjects took the role of counselor and half the role of friend. Written responses were coded using a system that included most of the response modes emphasized in contemporary models of counseling. Analyses of covariance indicated that students serving as friends made fewer reflections and gave more advice than those serving as counselors. Female stimuli elicited more advice and information-seeking questions than male stimuli, while male stimuli elicited more positive feedback than female stimuli. Compared to males, females used more interrogative interpretations. Same-sex pairings elicited more interpretation than opposite-sex pairings, and more negative feedback was given to same-sex stimuli under friend conditions and to opposite-sex stimuli under counselor conditions. Discussion focused on natural verbal helping repertoires, responsivity to situational cues, and pervasiveness of sex role stereotypes.
7 severely disturbed neuropsychiatric inpatients participated in a 12-session assertion training program as well as the normal hospital milieu therapy program. A matched group participated in only the normal hospital milieu therapy routine. All Ss were compared on the dependent measures of personal space and the Spielberger Self-evaluation Questionnaire 1 wk. before and 1 wk. after the assertion training program. The experimental group showed a significant reduction in both personal space and self-reported anxiety while the matched control group shewed no significant reduction. Small rhos indicate the need for further research examining the relationship between personal space and anxiety.
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