Abstract:Field experiments at Oakes, ND, USA in 2010 and Carrington, ND, USA in 2011 were conducted to evaluate the potential for cover crops grown in the Northern Great Plains, USA in order to reduce weed emergence and density in irrigated potatoes. Treatments included five cover crop treatments and three cover crop termination treatments. Termination of cover crops was done with glyphosate, disk-till, and roto-till. Cover crop biomass accumulation was greatest for rye/canola and triticale at Oakes, and hairy vetch and hairy vetch/rye at Carrington. Cover crop and termination affected weed control 14, 29, and 51 days after planting (DAP) at Oakes. Weed control at Carrington was at least 90% for all cover crop and termination treatments at all three evaluation timings. Marketable yield at Oakes was greater when roto-till was used to terminate the cover crops compared with disk-till or herbicide, which is beneficial for organic systems where herbicides are not used. Marketable yield at Carrington was not affected by cover crop or termination treatments. Results suggest that cover crops can successfully be integrated into irrigated potato production for weed control with yields equal to no cover crop, and with attention to potential mechanical difficulties.
Extreme winter temperatures during the 2018–2019 dormant season contributed to trunk collapse and complete trunk death of numerous genotypes throughout a diverse grapevine planting in eastern North Dakota, USA. Through the early portion of the dormant season, 12 genotypes were screened to identify lethal temperature exotherms of primary buds; from these results, none were anticipated to be fully prepared to survive the −37 °C minimum temperature recorded in the region. Trunk collapse, death, and survival were monitored for 35 replicated genotypes. New trunks were retrained from suckers and monitored for growth following trunk removal. Only five genotypes exceeded 50% trunk survival at the end of the 2019 growing season, ‘Valiant’, ‘King of the North’, ‘John Viola’, ‘Baltica’, and ‘Bluebell’. Following re-establishment, ‘La Crescent’ was the most vigorous genotype with the largest sucker circumference, sucker length, and internode length. Nearly all genotypes evaluated produced suckers with lengths approaching the high-wire trellis height (1.8 m), designating their potential for cordon retraining in 2020. Cumulatively, however, the lethal temperature exotherm results and the trunk survival examination indicate a harrowing need for investigation of new management practices (such as protected training systems) and the generation of new cold-hardy genotypes to enhance productivity under standard unprotected systems.
Aphanomyces root rot (ARR) is a devastating disease in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) that can cause up to 100% crop failure. Assessment of ARR resistance can be a rigorous, costly, time-demanding activity that is relatively low-throughput and prone to human errors. These limits the ability to effectively and efficiently phenotype the disease symptoms arising from ARR infection, which remains a perennial bottleneck to the successful evaluation and incorporation of disease resistance into new cultivars. In this study, we developed a greenhouse-based high throughput phenotyping (HTP) platform that moves along the rails above the greenhouse benches and captures the visual symptoms caused by Aphanomyces euteiches in field pea. We pilot tested this platform alongside with conventional visual scoring in five experimental trials under greenhouse conditions, assaying over 12,600 single plants. Precision estimated through broad-sense heritability (H2) was consistently higher for the HTP-indices (H2 Exg =0.86) than the traditional visual scores (H2 DSI=0.59), potentially increasing the power of genetic mapping. We genetically dissected variation for ARR resistance using the HTP-indices, and identified a total of 260 associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) through genome-wide association (GWA) mapping. The number of associated SNP for HTP-indices was consistently higher with some SNP overlapped to the associated SNP identified using the visual scores. We identified numerous small-effect QTLs, with the most significant SNP explaining about 5 to 9% of the phenotypic variance per index, and identified previously mapped genes known to be involved in the biological pathways that trigger immunity against ARR, including Psat5g280480, Psat5g282800, Psat5g282880, and Psat2g167800. We also identified a few novel QTLs with small-effect sizes that may be worthy of validation in the future. The newly identified QTLs and underlying genes, along with genotypes with promising resistance identified in this study, can be useful for improving a long-term, durable resistance to ARR. Keywords: High-throughput phenotyping, Genome-wide association mapping, Aphanomyces root rot, Aphanomyces euteiches, Field pea
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