This study emphasizes the role of patient factors (age, SOD, prior history of post-ERCP pancreatitis) and technical factors (number of PD injections, minor papilla sphincterotomy, and operator experience) as the determining high-risk predictors for post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Patients with cirrhosis who have bleeding esophageal varices have fewer treatment-related complications and better survival rates when they are treated by esophageal ligation than when they are treated by sclerotherapy.

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Background and aims: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide alicaforsen (ISIS 2302) in Crohn's disease. Methods: Active (Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) 200-350), steroid dependent (prednisone 10-40 mg) Crohn's patients were randomised into three treatment groups: placebo versus ISIS 2302 (2 mg/kg intravenously three times a week) for two or four weeks. Patients were treated in months 1 and 3, with steroid withdrawal attempted by week 10. The primary end point (steroid free remission) was a CDAI <150 off steroids at the end of week 14. Results: A total of 299 patients were enrolled, with a mean baseline CDAI of 276 and steroid dose of 23 mg/day. Rates of steroid free remission were equivalent for the two and four week ISIS 2302 groups (20.2% and 21.2%) and the placebo group (18.8%). At week 14, steroid withdrawal was successful in more ISIS 2302 patients compared with placebo treated patients (78% v 64%; p=0.032). Steroid free remission was highly correlated with exposure (p=0.0064). Other clinical responses were correlated with exposure, with significant results versus placebo being observed in the highest area under the curve subgroup. CDAI scores decreased by 136 (112) at week 14 versus 52 (107) for placebo (p=0.027) and inflammatory bowel disease score questionnaire improved by 43 (31) versus 15 (36) for placebo (p=0.027). Conclusions: Although the primary outcomes failed to demonstrate efficacy, pharmacodynamic modelling suggests that alicaforsen (ISIS 2302) may be an effective therapy for steroid dependent Crohn's disease.

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