“Blackout”, a confusing term sometimes denoting amnesia and at other times unconsciousness, has come in the alcoholism literature to designate memory loss associated with drinking alcohol. That alcoholics frequently experience amnesic episodes has been recognized since Bonhoeffer's time, and more recently Jellinek (1952) and others have popularized the notion that blackouts are an important predictor of alcoholism, a conclusion based on questionnaire data indicating that blackouts occur early in the course of alcoholism, well before the appearance of other alcoholic symptoms. Jellinek also believed that alcoholics often had blackouts after ingestion of modest, subintoxicating amounts of alcohol.

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Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM). PrEP uptake and adherence remain low and product preferences are unknown, especially among young African American MSM who are most at-risk. We conducted 26 qualitative interviews from 2014–2016 among young adult HIV-negative African American MSM regarding PrEP product preferences in Missouri. While the pill and injectable were most liked of all modalities, about a quarter preferred rectal products or patches. Most participants preferred a long-acting injectable (LAI) to daily oral pills due to better medication adherence and a dislike for taking pills. Many participants preferred daily oral pills to on-demand oral PrEP due to the inability to predict sex and the perception that insufficient time or medication would not achieve HIV protection with on-demand. A fear of needles and the perception that there would not be therapeutic levels for a long duration were concerns with injectable PrEP. Study findings highlight the need for a range of prevention options for African American MSM and can inform PrEP product development as well as dissemination and implementation efforts.

We hypothesized that most recruitment of striped bass Morone saxatilis in the Santee-Cooper system. South Carolina, comes from river-spawn egg cohorts transported at the right time to high-quality nursery habitat, generally located in or near Lake Marion, a large reservoir within the system. Because striped bass produce a superabundance of eggs, only a small portion of the total egg production must develop in favorable nursery habitat to produce good recruitment in any year. In a 3-year study, we assessed temporal variability in egg mortality, compared the survival of progeny cohorts, and monitored abundance of juveniles and zooplankton in nursery areas. Growth rates and hatch dates of juveniles were estimated from otoiiths. Mortality rates and hatching locations varied among egg cohorts. In the best recruitment years, 1988 and 1990, highest survival was associated with eggs hatched during the early half of the spawning season in Lake Marion. Zooplankton densities were higher in Lake Marion than in the spawning tributaries, suggesting that the lake was a superior nursery habitat. Growth rate of juveniles was highest in 1990. Water management at upstream dams in the Santee-Cooper system might increase recruitment by optimizing temperature and flow so that the maximum possible number of eggs hatch in upper Lake Marion.