Cereal Chem. 76(5):621-624The effects of corn sample, grinder type, and particle size of ground corn on the extrusion of corn curls and pet food were studied. Extrusion runs were conducted using a twin-screw extruder. Properties of corn curl and pet food extrudates were affected significantly by corn samples obtained from different parts of the country (Nebraska, Illinois, and Texas), even though grinding and extrusion parameters were held constant. The 1 Contribution No. 98-335-J from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.
Much effort in the area of electronics thermal management has focused on developing cooling solutions that cater to steady-state operation. However, electronic devices are increasingly being used in applications involving time-varying workloads. These include microprocessors (particularly those used in portable devices), power electronic devices such as IGBTs, and high-power semiconductor laser diode arrays. Transient thermal management solutions become essential to ensure the performance and reliability of such devices. In this review, emerging transient thermal management requirements are identified, and cooling solutions reported in the literature for such applications are presented with a focus on time scales of thermal response. Transient cooling techniques employing actively controlled two-phase microchannel heat sinks, phase change materials (PCM), heat pipes/vapor chambers, combined PCM-heat pipes/vapor chambers, and flash boiling systems are examined in detail. They are compared in terms of their thermal response times to ascertain their suitability for the thermal management of pulsed workloads associated with microprocessor chips, IGBTs, and high-power laser diode arrays. Thermal design guidelines for the selection of appropriate package level thermal resistance and capacitance combinations are also recommended.
Cereal Chem. 76(5):625-628The effects of corn growth environment and hybrid on properties of corn curl and pet food extrudates were studied. Extrusion runs were conducted using a twin-screw extruder. Both corn curl and pet food extrudates were affected significantly by the corn growth environment (location) and corn hybrid. Corn hybrids grown at Creston, IA, produced extrudates with significantly higher expansion (indicated by lower bulk density and higher volumetric expansion index) followed by corn hybrids grown at Johnston, IA, and Nevada, IA, showing that growth environment affects extrusion properties. Hybrid 3348 produced extrudates with significantly higher expansion than that of extrudates from Pioneer Hi-Bred 3394. A decrease in protein, and the subsequent increase in starch, appears to be related to the increase in extrudate expansion. This suggests that the amount of starch in the sample may be responsible for the effects of environment and hybrids on expansion. Significant (P < 0.05) correlations existed between corn curl bulk density and pet food extrudate properties, indicating that corn curl extrusion can be used to predict the performance of different corn hybrids in production of extruded pet food.
Corn moisture (9.5–13.5%) was significantly correlated to extrudate properties, even though water was added at the extruder to compensate for the differences in moisture. Water addition was more effective at the preconditioner than at the extruder, and longer retention preconditioner improved expansion. Water added to the pet food formula apparently was absorbed by the other formula ingredients and not the corn. Controlling the specific mechanical energy did not compensate for differences in corn moisture.
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