Stickiness is a difficult attribute to measure. It can be defined as simply the force of adhesion when two surfaces are contacted with each other. In most food systems, the adhesion force is a combination of an adhesive force and a cohesive force. It is when the adhesive force is high and the cohesive force is low that material is perceived as being sticky. Cohesive properties can be measured by rheological techniques. To measure adhesive properties it is imperative to have a clean separation at the probe‐material interface.
The mechanism of glucose oxidase action in breadmaking was investigated by studying the baking performance of glucose oxidase, the active ingredient that it produced, and its effect on the rheological properties of dough. Glucose oxidase improved the loaf volume of bread made by 45‐, 70‐, and 90‐min fermentation processes. Although the increase in loaf volume was significant, it was less than that obtained with an optimum level of KBrO3. With the 90‐min fermentation process, the crumb grain of bread was similar for loaves oxidized with optimum levels of glucose oxidase or KBrO3. The rheological properties of doughs containing glucose oxidase and doughs containing no oxidant were compared. Doughs made with glucose oxidase had higher G′ and G″ and lower tan δ values than doughs made without an oxidant. Hydrogen peroxide was responsible for a drying effect in doughs. This drying effect of glucose oxidase was reduced significantly by incorporation of free radical scavengers into the dough.
Cereal Chem. 74(3):330-336Time-lapse photography showed that, during baking, the diameter of sugar-snap cookies increased linearly then suddenly became fixed. Therefore, cookie diameter was a function of spread rate and set time. Cookies made with soft wheat flour were significantly larger in diameter (184 mm) than those made with hard wheat flour (161 mm). Cookies made with soft wheat flour set later (5.8 min) during baking than those made with hard wheat flour (5.1 min). The differences in set time within cookies made with various hard wheat flours or within cookies made with various soft wheat flours appeared to be affected by flour protein content. However, other factors also affected the difference in set time between cookies made with hard wheat and soft wheat flours. Cookies made with soft wheat flour spread at a faster rate (7.8 mm/min) than those made with hard wheat flour (4.6 mm/min). The level of soluble starch in the flour appeared to cause the difference in spread rate between cookies made with hard wheat and soft wheat flour. The higher level of soluble starch in hard wheat flour (0.352 ± 0.008%) than in soft wheat flour (0.152 ± 0.030%) increased dough viscosity, thus the spread rate was slower. However, soluble starch content did not explain the differences in spread rate within cookies made with various hard wheat flours or within cookies made with various soft wheat flours.
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