Surveys are the preferred approach for collecting data from large numbers of students about their college experiences. Many instruments are locally developed, used a few times and discarded. Others, such as the College Student Experiences Questionnaire (CSEQ) (Pace & Kuh, 1998) and the Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP) instruments (Astin & Sax, 1999), are nationally normed and administered annually. It is not unusual for items used on nationally normed instruments to be adapted for use on local surveys because researchers perceive them to be "good" and "reliable," especially if psychometric analyses demonstrate that the items are sound.
The authors review many of the serious challenges faced by survey researchers whose craft is to design and implement survey research. The challenges differ by mode of data collection (in person, telephone, mail, Web, etc.), and they have strong implications for philanthropy researchers who use survey research. Specialists in survey research have benefited from a number of developments in question and questionnaire design, sampling, cost containment, and handling increasing nonresponse. After reviewing these developments, the authors conclude with a plea to researchers to consult survey research experts at all points in survey design and planning. This will result in better data and research.
antiformai stacks frprf'Sf'nts an inVf'fSion of prf'-f"xistent f"xtensionai faults whi('h formt'd half-~rabpn ~t'onH'lries. Thp basenlPnl ro('ks im olwd in thp structurI' rI'prt'st'nl short-culs fornwd in th!' foolwall of Iht' t'xlpnsional faults. All thrusts of La Carrotxa I:lrf'a branch with thp UppPf Garrotxa thrust. Thl' mort-' complex structure of La Garrotxa area than the adjac('nt areas within thp Cadi unit. is duf' to the initial complf'x synst'dimentary ~f'omf'lry of the sedimentary pile, TIlt' Cadi unil ov!'rlips Ilw Sprral unil wilh a hanging"all ramp geomet~. This unil was d .. dll(,pd from Ihe Sprrat-1 well. drilled in 1 lIB,. Thp Sf'rrat unit is made lip or a \liddlr Eoernr p\l:lporiti(' s('qUf'n('f'l with altprnalin~ shall'S and anhydrilps and a 100 mt'lers Ihi('k salt layer dosp 10 Ihe 101'. Th., lotal Ihi('kness of this !'vaporiti(' Beuda sequ!'rH'" is 1 000 mel!'rs. Thl' Belula sl'quen('e clearl~ I'onlrolled the thrusI geomel~ of the ~ounJ!pr thrusts.
Quantitative studies have shown that both straight and gay men with a low propensity for inhibition of sexual arousal are more likely to engage in unprotected sex in the face of risk. This article reports findings from an interview study of both straight and gay men focusing on the individual's experience of the impact of sexual arousal on risk management. The impact of the immediate post-ejaculatory period and the effects of condoms on sexual arousal are also considered. Three patterns were apparent in both groups: (a) low inhibition of sexual arousal associated with impaired risk management; (b) low inhibition of arousal in risk situations leading to establishment of planning ahead, and (c) no impact of sexual arousal on risk management. We also consider the contrast between committed and uncommitted relationships. Lastly, we consider possible mediating mechanisms between sexual arousal and risk management and discuss the implications of these varied patterns for interventions to reduce high-risk sexual behavior.
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