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I. Some recent work in phonology/phonetics has tended to reaffirm the relevance of larger-than-segment (non-syntactico-morphological) structural units like the syllable: that is, that phonological representations are per se more highly structured than has generally been supposed in the immediate past. On the one hand, it has been argued that various ‘prosodic’ phenomena have as their domain non-arbitrary groupings of segments, including in particular groupings of ‘syllable size’ (e.g. Cheng, 1966; Lehiste, 1970), and that ‘morpheme structure conditions’ and redundancy conditions in general are most naturally interpreted as in large part constraints on syllable structure (cf., e.g., O'Connor & Trim, 1953; Fudge, 1969; Sampson, 1970; and the works they refer to). There have, on the other hand, been a number of studies particularly of co-articulation and of malfunctioning in production (stuttering, spoonerisms, etc.) whose import seems to be that ‘the unit of articulatory programming is larger in size than the segment, and makes it difficult to believe that articulation consists merely in the concatenation of phonemes’ (Kim, 1971: 60) - cf. the work surveyed by Kim and by Fromkin (1968).

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SUMMARY An inhibitor of plasminogen activator has been identified in human platelets by the technique of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and zymography. The inhibitor has a molecular weight of about 40 000 and is distinct from known plasma protease inhibitors. It is associated almost exclusively with platelets, with only trace amounts in platelet free plasma. The inhibitor is released during platelet aggregation or in vitro coagulation. This inhibitor inhibits both tissue type plasminogen activator and urokinase but has no effect on plasmin. It forms a 1:1 complex with tissue type plasminogen activator, which retains activity detectable under the analytical conditions used. A similar complex with urokinase either forms less readily or retains less activity.The activation of plasminogen to plasmin by plasminogen activators (PA) is central to the process of fibrinolysis, in which plasmin digests the insoluble fibrin matrix of thrombi to form soluble products. The activity of plasmin thus formed is controlled by its major plasma inhibitor, a2-antiplasmin; free plasmin in the circulation is neutralised immediately by this inhibitor.' The existence of specific inhibitors of PA has been disputed for many years. The major reason for the controversy has been the technical difficulty of distinguishing between inhibitors of PA and inhibitors of plasmin. In the past two years evidence has been accumulating for the existence of an inhibitor of PA in plasma. The existence of this inhibitor was suggested by the finding that when low concentrations of purified tissue type PA (t-PA) were added to plasma losses of PA activity could be detected.2-4 An endothelial cell inhibitor of PA has also been described.5 This inhibitor was detected in samples separated by sodium dodecyl sulphite polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and analysed for inhibition of PA in a fibrin/ plasminogen/PA detector gel.6 The same technique was used to analyse normal human plasma for inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system, and we found that the only inhibitor specific for PA present in plasma had a molecular weight of about 40K.7 In this paper we report that this plasma inhibitor of PA is present mainly in platelets and is released from platelets by all known aggregating agents. We also report on its interactions with both t-PA and urokinase PA (u-PA).Accepted for publication 27 March 1985 Material and methods BLOOD SAMPLESBlood samples were collected into 0-1 vol of 0 13M sodium citrate. Platelet free plasma was prepared by centrifugation at 1850 g for 30 min at 4°C and platelet poor plasma was prepared by centrifugation at 1000g for 15 min at 4°C. Serum was similarly prepared from blood, collected into glass tubes containing no anticoagulant, and incubated at 37°C for 30 min before centrifugation. Platelet rich plasma was prepared by centrifugation at 170 g for 10 min at 20°C. Platelets were prepared from platelet rich plasma by centrifugation at 1850 g for 15 min at room temperature and resuspended in 0-9% (wt/ vol)...

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This book presents an innovative theory of syntactic categories and the lexical classes they define. It revives the traditional idea that these are to be distinguished notionally (semantically). It allows for there to be peripheral members of a lexical class which may not obviously conform to the general definition. The author proposes a notation based on semantic features which accounts for the syntactic behaviour of classes. The book also presents a case for considering this classification - again in rather traditional vein - to be basic to determining the syntactic structure of sentences. Syntactic structure is thus erected in a very restricted fashion, without recourse to movement or empty elements.

Graphical AbstractHighlights: ØThe Late Embryogenesis Abundant protein AfLEA1.3 from Artemia franciscana accumulates in the mitochondrion of Drosophila Kc167 cells. Ø AfLEA1.3 improves mitochondrial functions in presence of high sodium chloride concentrations. Ø AfLEA1.3 reduces mitochondrial damage during freeze-thawing. Ø AfLEA1.3 increases cellular tolerance to osmotic stress. Ø AfLEA1.3 increases cellular tolerance to convective drying.