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Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) jet fuel is a synthetic organic mixture intended to augment petroleum-derived JP-8 jet fuel use by the U.S. armed forces. The FT SPK testing program goal was to develop a comparative toxicity database with petroleum-derived jet fuels that may be used to calculate an occupational exposure limit (OEL). Toxicity investigations included the dermal irritation test (FT vs. JP-8 vs. 50:50 blend), 2 in vitro genotoxicity tests, acute inhalation study, short-term (2-week) inhalation range finder study with measurement of bone marrow micronuclei, 90-day inhalation toxicity, and sensory irritation assay. Dermal irritation was slight to moderate. All genotoxicity studies were negative. An acute inhalation study with F344 rats exposed at 2000 mg/m for 4 hr resulted in no abnormal clinical observations. Based on a 2-week range-finder, F344 rats were exposed for 6 hr per day, 5 days per week, for 90 days to an aerosol-vapor mixture of FT SPK jet fuel (0, 200, 700 or 2000 mg/m). Effects on the nasal cavities were minimal (700 mg/m) to mild (2000 mg/m); only high exposure produced multifocal inflammatory cell infiltration in rat lungs (both genders). The RD (50% respiratory rate depression) value for the sensory irritation assay, calculated to be 10,939 mg/m indicated the FT SPK fuel is less irritating than JP-8. Based upon the proposed use as a 50:50 blend with JP-8, a FT SPK jet fuel OEL is recommended at 200 mg/m vapor and 5 mg/m aerosol, in concurrence with the current JP-8 OEL.
The acute toxicity of three materials derived from Athabasca Oil Sands--(1) bitumen plus naphtha, (2) untreated naphtha (0-250 degrees C) and (3) synthetic crude oil (0-500 degrees C)--was assessed in a battery of tests. In acute oral studies, all three test materials exhibited a low order of toxicity (LD50 greater than 5.0 g kg-1). The acute dermal LD50 was also low (greater than 3 g kg-1) for each test material. All three materials were judged to be 'slight' ocular irritants. Acute inhalation studies (6-h exposures at the maximum attainable concentrations) produced varied responses. Bitumen plus naphtha administered at a concentration of 1.46 mg l-1 did not cause mortality in exposed rats or mice. Lung discoloration was the only necropsy finding of note. Untreated naphtha administered at a concentration of 10.6 mg l-1 was lethal to essentially all of the mice; but only two rats died. Necropsy findings included elevated weights in the liver and kidneys of the exposed mice, elevated lung weights in male rats and elevated liver weights in female rats. Synthetic crude oil administered at a concentration of (4 mg l-1) was lethal to 5/10 mice, but none of the rats (0/10) died. Severe hair loss was noted in the surviving mice, and slight alopecia was also observed in rats. Both species exhibited elevated liver weight, and elevated lung weight was noted in female rats.
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