Cognitive flexibility, which is defined as the ability to generate several categories of possible solutions, is identified as the most critical aspect of creativity training. Word tables, interactive computer games, and riddles are used to develop cognitive flexibility. Preliminary results from analyses with quasi-experimental designs provide promising evidence that these methods are effective in enhancing creative and other forms of critical thought in college students.
Negative phototaxic (light avoidance) responses of earthworms were measured under two thigmotaxic (bodily contact) conditions: presence or absence of an alley. As predicted by Smith (1902), the presence of an alley greatly increased the time taken by Ss to move away from a light source. It was concluded that thigmotaxis is a powerful motivational variable in the earthworm.
The role of the anterior ganglia in the ability of the earthworm (L. rubel/us) to inhibit movement when substrate contact was lost and to move forward was investigated. In Experiment I, worms were observed during the regeneration period following removal of the anterior five segments. A difference (p = .005) was found between the experimental (removal) and control (nonremoval) groups in ability to prevent falling off an elevated platform. The proportion of forward movements for the experimental group increased from an initial low of .3~ to .93 over 31 days, while the control group maintained a high proportion (.97) throughout the experiment. Experiment II replicated the fust 36·h period of Experiment I and confirmed the finding that the proportion of forward movements for the experimental group declined slowly to a minimum at 24h, then increased to .21 by 36 h. The results were discussed in relation to Needham's (1957) hypothesis of a posterior hormonal and metabolic integrating center.
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