Principles and procedures1 Introduction and principles 1. J Introduction 1.2 The nature of environmental impact assessment 1.3 The purposes of environmental impact assessment I A Changing perspectives on ElA I.5 Projects, environment and impacts 1.6 Current issues in environmental impact assessment 1.7 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters Note References 2 Origins and development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems 2.3 The worldwide spread of El A 2.4 Development in the UK 2.5 EC Directive 851337 2.6 EC Directive 85/337, as amended b> Directive 97/11/EC

Principles and procedures1 Introduction and principles 1. J Introduction 1.2 The nature of environmental impact assessment 1.3 The purposes of environmental impact assessment I A Changing perspectives on ElA I.5 Projects, environment and impacts 1.6 Current issues in environmental impact assessment 1.7 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters Note References 2 Origins and development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems 2.3 The worldwide spread of El A 2.4 Development in the UK 2.5 EC Directive 851337 2.6 EC Directive 85/337, as amended b> Directive 97/11/EC

Principles and procedures1 Introduction and principles 1. J Introduction 1.2 The nature of environmental impact assessment 1.3 The purposes of environmental impact assessment I A Changing perspectives on ElA I.5 Projects, environment and impacts 1.6 Current issues in environmental impact assessment 1.7 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters Note References 2 Origins and development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems 2.3 The worldwide spread of El A 2.4 Development in the UK 2.5 EC Directive 851337 2.6 EC Directive 85/337, as amended b> Directive 97/11/EC

Principles and procedures1 Introduction and principles 1. J Introduction 1.2 The nature of environmental impact assessment 1.3 The purposes of environmental impact assessment I A Changing perspectives on ElA I.5 Projects, environment and impacts 1.6 Current issues in environmental impact assessment 1.7 An outline of subsequent parts and chapters Note References 2 Origins and development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The National Environmental Policy Act and subsequent US systems 2.3 The worldwide spread of El A 2.4 Development in the UK 2.5 EC Directive 851337 2.6 EC Directive 85/337, as amended b> Directive 97/11/EC

This paper draws on a research report recently produced (1996) by the authors for the UK Department of the Environment. The principal aim of the research was to establish clearly what changes, if any, there have been in the quality of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) since the inception of mandatory EIA in 1988, and to explain reasons for the changes. The paper provides a critique of the meaning of 'quality' in an area such as this. Quality relates both to the EIS and to the EIA process. EIS quality can be assessed against various review frameworks in a structured and systematic way; quality can also be assessed according to the perspective of the individual participant in the EIA process. The findings of both macro and micro studies of quality are discussed. The macro study uses a range of review frameworks (minimum regulatory requirements, an EU framework, and comprehensive frameworks developed by EIA academics at UK universities, including Oxford Brookes University) for a large sample of EISs. The micro study uses a structured questionnaire of the participants (local planning officers, developers, consultants and others) involved in a smaller set of detailed case studies. The findings reveal that there has been a learning from experience and an improvementin quality, but they also highlight a number of problems in the EIA process. The paper outlines some of the determinants of the changes in quality, and concludes with recommendations for developments in EIA in response to particular issues raised. These recommendations are set in the context of European Commission amendments to the EC EIA Directive.

Universities have widening missions. Increasingly these include explicit roles in local and regional development. This article focuses on such roles for the UK modern universities (formerly known as the new universities, and previously polytechnics). Such universities have taken considerable interest in their local and regional development roles, as exemplified by the case studies of Sunderland University and Oxford Brookes University. The discussion widens from the direct and indirect employment and expenditure impacts, to effects on the local knowledge economy, and towards a wider contribution to sustainable development. This holistic view shows that the modern universities are making major contributions to the local and regional development agendas, with interesting regional variations resulting from their institutional and locational contexts. Such returns merit considerable support.

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