The highest power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) reported for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with inverted planar structures are still inferior to those of PSCs with regular structures, mainly because of lower open-circuit voltages (). Here we report a strategy to reduce nonradiative recombination for the inverted devices, based on a simple solution-processed secondary growth technique. This approach produces a wider bandgap top layer and a more n-type perovskite film, which mitigates nonradiative recombination, leading to an increase in by up to 100 millivolts. We achieved a high of 1.21 volts without sacrificing photocurrent, corresponding to a voltage deficit of 0.41 volts at a bandgap of 1.62 electron volts. This improvement led to a stabilized power output approaching 21% at the maximum power point.

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The interface between the matrix and reinforcing phases can have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the resulting composite material. The interface can be studied by a number of surface analysis techniques and the interaction modelled. Such studies, and such modelling, can help understanding of the mechanisms which composites undergo during their lifetime. The current review discusses the role of the interface and the methods by which it can be studied; two case studies are presented which illustrate these methods and the value that such knowledge of the interface has brought to larger investigations