Ecologically unequal exchange theory posits asymmetric net flows of biophysical resources from poorer to richer countries. To date, empirical evidence to support this theoretical notion as a systemic aspect of the global economy is largely lacking. Through environmentally-extended multi-regional input-output modelling, we provide empirical evidence for ecologically unequal exchange as a persistent feature of the global economy from 1990 to 2015. We identify the regions of origin and final consumption for four resource groups: materials, energy, land, and labor. By comparing the monetary exchange value of resources embodied in trade, we find significant international disparities in how resource provision is compensated. Value added per ton of raw material embodied in exports is 11 times higher in high-income countries than in those with the lowest income, and 28 times higher per unit of embodied labor. With the exception of embodied land for China and India, all other world regions serve as net exporters of all types of embodied resources to high-income countries across the 1990-2015 time period. On aggregate, ecologically unequal exchange allows high-income countries to simultaneously appropriate resources and to generate a monetary surplus through international trade. This has far-reaching implications for global sustainability and for the economic growth prospects of nations. High-income nations (the 'core' of the global economic system)

In environmental conservation, academics and practitioners articulate a wide range of values to convey attributes of nature to decisionmakers. The diversity regarding theoretical conceptualisations related to values is high (Horcea-Milcu et al., 2019)-from individual, shared or social values to monetary values, or held and assigned values, as well as intrinsic or instrumental values (Dietz et al., 2005; Kenter et al., 2015; Rawluk et al., 2018). One debate stemming from this diversity is between the acknowledgement of intrinsic and instrumental values (Tallis & Lubchenco, 2014). To bridge intrinsic and instrumental values of nature, a new framing has emergedrelational values (Muraca, 2011). Relational values can be defined as preferences and principles about human-nature relationships (Chan

We provide a conceptual review of the available knowledge on the role of human cognition biases for sustainability and sustainable behavior. Human cognition biases are defined as any deviation in decision making from the standard framework of rational choice. We distinguish between biases in individual decision making and biases in group decision making, and highlight the relevance of each for sustainable behavior. We find that while both categories may contribute to unsustainable behavior, human cognition biases in group settings might be central to understanding many of the current sustainability issues. Moreover, we argue that the effects of group-related biases may outweigh those on the individual level in driving unsustainable behavior, and that biases that have been discussed under various labels in the literature can be interpreted as manifestations of human cognition biases in group settings.

This study explores the relationship between place attachment and energy conservation attitudes and behavioural intentions in the Pogány-havas microregion of Romania. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine three dimensions of place attachment: place identity, place dependence and nature bonding. While place attachment in the region is high, structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed negative links between place dependence and energy conservation attitudes and between place identity and behavioural intention. However, insignificant regression weights between the constructs suggest there are many unexplained factors that mediate the relationship between place attachment and energy attitudes and behavioural intentions in this region. These results suggest that future research on rural energy transitions should take a systemic perspective that includes additional constraints (e.g., material and structural) that may better explain how individuals develop energy attitudes and behaviours. RESUMENEste estudio explora la relación entre el apego al lugar y las actitudes e intenciones conductuales respecto al ahorro de energía en la microrregión de Pogány-havas, Rumanía. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para examinar las tres dimensiones del apego al lugar: identidad de lugar, dependencia del lugar, y vínculos con la naturaleza. Pese a que el apego al lugar en la región es alto, el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE) mostró relaciones negativas entre dependencia del lugar y actitudes de ahorro de energía, y entre identidad de lugar e intención conductual. Sin embargo, las cargas de regresión no significativas entre los constructos sugieren que hay muchos factores no explicados que median la relación entre apego al lugar y actitudes e intenciones conductuales respecto al ahorro en esta región. Los resultados apuntan a que, en el futuro, las investigaciones sobre la transición energética en entornos rurales debería ARTICLE HISTORY

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