The specific conductivities of molten N-methyl-, N-ethyl-, N-(n-propyl)-, and N-(n-butyl)pyridinium chlorides and N-ethylpyridinium bromide were measured from near the melting points to the thermal decomposition temperatures. Conductivities also were measured from 25 ~ to 125~ for mixtures of

The electrochemical discharge, differential capacity, open‐circuit voltage‐temperature dependence, and open‐circuit relaxation techniques were combined to investigate the cathodic reduction mechanism of the normalLi/MnO2 nonaqueous couple. These techniques indicate three different stages of MnO2 reduction by insertion of lithium ions into the lattice of the cathode. The initial stage of the reduction of the MnO2 occurs within approximately the first 10% of discharge. It involves the insertion of lithium ions into the lattice of the MnO2 forming LixMnO2 false(0≤x≤0.1false) . It is typical of a homogeneous reaction. The next step in the discharge involves a heterogeneous or two‐phase reaction. It is distinguished by the flat portion of the normalLi/MnO2 discharge curve false(0.1≤x≤0.4false) . The final discharge regime is again a homogeneous reaction. This reaction involves insertion of lithium ions into the new structural form of LixMnO2 false(x>0.4false) and accounts for the final sloping section of the discharge curve.

We have discovered that a low current long charge for lead-acid batteries is very beneficial towards recovering the original Ah capacity or maintaining the initial full capacity. Most recent commercial chargers are designed for high rate quick charging. These commercial chargers include those installed in trucks and busses. In this paper, the nature of the chemical reaction in the charging process of the negative electrode is discussed in order to understand the benefit of the low current charge.

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