Characterization of the Li / MnO2 Multistep Discharge

Abstract

The electrochemical discharge, differential capacity, open‐circuit voltage‐temperature dependence, and open‐circuit relaxation techniques were combined to investigate the cathodic reduction mechanism of the normalLi/MnO2 nonaqueous couple. These techniques indicate three different stages of MnO2 reduction by insertion of lithium ions into the lattice of the cathode. The initial stage of the reduction of the MnO2 occurs within approximately the first 10% of discharge. It involves the insertion of lithium ions into the lattice of the MnO2 forming LixMnO2 false(0≤x≤0.1false) . It is typical of a homogeneous reaction. The next step in the discharge involves a heterogeneous or two‐phase reaction. It is distinguished by the flat portion of the normalLi/MnO2 discharge curve false(0.1≤x≤0.4false) . The final discharge regime is again a homogeneous reaction. This reaction involves insertion of lithium ions into the new structural form of LixMnO2 false(x>0.4false) and accounts for the final sloping section of the discharge curve.

Batteries used to power implantable biomedical devices

“…[24–26] The initial stage is a homogeneous insertion reaction characterized by a sloping discharge cell potential curve. [26] The second stage is a two-phase reaction indicated by a long flat region of the discharge cell potential, followed by a sloping region signifying the final homogenous lithium insertion. [4, 26]…”

“…[26] The second stage is a two-phase reaction indicated by a long flat region of the discharge cell potential, followed by a sloping region signifying the final homogenous lithium insertion. [4, 26]…”

“…The relatively flat discharge profile of the system results in a stable nominal cell potential of 3.0V. [18, 26, 29] The theoretical specific energy of the cell is high at 924 mWh/g. As previously stated, the medium rate currents supplied by Li/MnO 2 batteries widen the application range for this power source.…”

Thermal stabilization of tin- and cobalt-doped manganese dioxide

“…Currently, manganese dioxides (MDOs) are the most widely commercialized cathode materials used in the field of energy storage devices such as lithium and alkaline batteries [1][2][3][4][5][6]. While MnO 2 was originally developed as the positive electrode for primary Li cell, extensive researches were carried out during the last decades to improve the reversibility of insertion reaction in MnO 2 materials.…”

Investigation of the Characteristics of the Boron Doped MnO Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis Method

“…Manganese oxide (MnO) is a transitional material having interesting physical and chemical properties. It has optoelectronic applications * corresponding author; e-mail: mustafa.oztas@yalova.edu.tr and is often used in electrode materials [14,15], electrochemical capacitors [16,17], rechargeable batteries, sensors [18], magnetoelectronic devices [19].…”