. 2015. Weed control and crop tolerance of micro-encapsulated acetochlor applied sequentially in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 973Á981. Acetochlor, an acetamide herbicide, has been used for many years for weed control in several crops, including soybean. Micro-encapsulated acetochlor has been recently registered for preplant (PP), pre-emergence (PRE), and post-emergence (POST) application in soybean in the United States. Information is not available regarding the sequential application of acetochlor for weed control and soybean tolerance. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of application timing of micro-encapsulated acetochlor applied in tank-mixture with glyphosate in single or sequential applications for weed control in glyphosateresistant soybean, and to determine its impact on soybean injury and yields. Field experiments were conducted at Clay Center, Nebraska, in 2012, and at Waverly, Nebraska, in 2013. Acetochlor tank-mixed with glyphosate applied alone PP, PRE, or tank-mixed with flumioxazin, fomesafen, or sulfentrazone plus chlorimuron provided 99% control of common waterhemp, green foxtail, and velvetleaf at 15 d after planting (DAP); however, control declined to 540% at 100 DAP. Acetochlor tank-mixed with glyphosate applied PRE followed by early POST (V2 to V3 stage of soybean) or late POST (V4 to V5 stage) resulted in ]90% control of common waterhemp and green foxtail, reduced weed density to 52 plants m (2 and biomass to 512 g m , and resulted in soybean yields 3775 kg ha (1 . The sequential applications of glyphosate plus acetochlor applied PP followed by early POST or late POST resulted in equivalent weed control to the best herbicide combinations included in this study and soybean yield equivalent to the weed free control. Injury to soybean was B10% in each of the treatments evaluated. Micro-encapsulated acetochlor can be a good option for soybean growers for controlling grasses and small-seeded broadleaf weeds if applied in a PRE followed by POST herbicide program in tankmixture with herbicides of other modes of action. , avec pour re´sultat un rendement du soja supe´rieur a`3 775 kg par hectare. Les applications se´quentielles de glyphosate et d'ace´tochlor avant les semis, puis au de´but ou a`la fin de la leve´e assurent une lutte e´quivalente aux meilleures combinaisons d'herbicides examine´es dans le cadre de l'e´tude et de´bouchent sur un rendement en soja e´quivalent a`celui de la parcelle te´moin de´sherbe´e. Les traitements e´value´s causent moins de dix pour cent de dommages au soja. Les microcapsules d'ace´tochlor Abbreviations: AMATA, common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis Sauer; ABUTH, green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv; DAP, days after planting; DBP, days before planting; POST, postemergence application; PP, preplant application; PRE, pre-emergence application; SETVI, velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik Can. J. Plant Sci. (2015) 95: 973Á981

Much research has been conducted on mesotrione activity on crops and weeds, but information is lacking in regards to the relative contribution of soil and foliar absorption of mesotrione. Three experiments conducted at Virginia Tech's Glade Road Research Facility in Blacksburg, VA, evaluated the effects of 50 and 90% relative humidity (RH) on the activity of mesotrione applied to foliage, soil, and soil plus foliage. Tall fescue injury ranged from 0 to 21% and was significant in 6 of 20 comparisons. Three of these injury events were caused by soil plus foliar applications, which were always more injurious than foliar only applications, which were more injurious than soil-only applications. Both application placement and RH significantly influenced smooth crabgrass responses to mesotrione. Smooth crabgrass phytotoxicity was lowest when mesotrione was applied only to foliage and highest when mesotrione was applied to soil and foliage. Increasing RH from 50 to 90% caused a 4- to 18-fold increase in plant phytotoxicity when mesotrione was applied only to foliage. By dissecting the plant canopy, it was noted at 14 d after treatment, when averaged over RH, that white leaves comprise 16% of leaves when only foliage was treated and 55 and 62% when applied to soil plus foliage and soil only, respectively. Furthermore, white tissue was found predominately in the two youngest leaves when mesotrione was applied to soil or both soil and foliage, but in older leaves when applied only to foliage. Data indicate mesotrione entering plants through soil travels quickly to growing points and has an equal or greater effect on plant phytotoxicity than foliar-absorbed mesotrione. In addition, foliar-absorbed mesotrione appears to increase in plants significantly with increasing RH, but does not move rapidly to growing points.

Turf managers traditionally avoid seeding cool-season turfgrass in spring due to summer annual weed interference and poor growing conditions for cool-season grasses. Siduron is the most accepted herbicide for weed control in spring-seeded tall fescue, but it has low residual activity and does not control many weeds other than crabgrass. Isoxaflutole, mesotrione, and quinclorac were evaluated as alternatives to siduron. Single applications of these herbicides controlled crabgrass equivalent to or better than siduron. Sequential applications of isoxaflutole, mesotrione, or quinclorac effectively controlled smooth crabgrass without injuring tall fescue. Isoxaflutole and mesotrione controlled broadleaf plantain, henbit, and yellow woodsorrel; quinclorac marginally controlled henbit; and siduron did not control broadleaf weeds. Turfgrass cover 9 wk after seeding was dependent on environment and equivalent between treatments except at a location with predominately broadleaf weeds where siduron treatments resulted in less cover due to weed infestation. Sequential applications of isoxaflutole, mesotrione, and quinclorac provide an effective, safe option for chemical weed control during establishment of cool-season turfgrass.

Mesotrione is under evaluation for registration in turfgrass for weed control, but often requires repeat treatments. Previous research in agricultural crops indicates tank mixtures with mesotrione improve weed control. Greenhouse trials were conducted in Blacksburg, VA, with 7 mo-old white clover, and field trials in Knoxville, TN, evaluated control of 5-yr old white clover in a stand of common bermudagrass. Data from both field and greenhouse trials indicate mesotrione applied in combination with bromoxynil, carfentrazone, or simazine control white clover better than any of these herbicides applied alone. Combinations of bromoxynil, carfentrazone, and simazine with mesotrione also decreased relative chlorophyll index and white clover fresh weights in agreement with visually estimated control.

Core Ideas Tembotrione controlled weeds selectively in bluegrass, fescue, and zoysiagrass turf. Topramezone controlled key weeds better than mesotrione and tembotrione. Topramezone was among the safest herbicides on four of the six turfgrasses tested. Results will aid herbicidal‐risk assessment near potentially sensitive turfgrass species. The study supports considerations for herbicide label expansion or registration in turf. Mesotrione (2‐[4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐2‐nitrobenzoyl]‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione), tembotrione (2‐[2‐chloro‐4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐3‐[(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)methyl]benzoyl]‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione), and topramezone ([3‐(4,5‐dihydro‐3‐isoxazolyl)‐2‐methyl‐4‐(methylsulfonyl)phenyl](5‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)methanone) are new herbicides that control many troublesome weeds, but little is known about the response of several turfgrass species to these herbicides. A multiyear study was conducted to determine the response of six turfgrass species and four weeds to these three herbicides. Study results generally agreed with previous reports of turfgrass and weed response to mesotrione, and suggest that tembotrione could be safely used, depending on rate, to control weeds such as smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.], broadleaf plantain (Plantago major L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) selectively in tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.], Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) turf. Topramezone at 36.8 g a.i. ha−1 controlled smooth crabgrass and white clover better than mesotrione or tembotrione, and smooth crabgrass control by topramezone had similar results as in other studies. Predicted maximum turfgrass injury based on the Gaussian function applied over time generally showed that maximum injury caused by topramezone was less than tembotrione and mesotrione on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), less than tembotrione and equivalent to mesotrione on tall fescue and perennial ryegrass, equivalent to tembotrione and more than mesotrione on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], and more than tembotrione and mesotrione on zoysiagrass. The area under the progress curve per day of visual injury and normalized difference vegetation index were consistent with trends in predicted maximum injury.