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OBJECTIVE-The objective of the study was to assess the incidence of and risk factors for pelvic floor repair (PFR) procedures after hysterectomy. RESULTS-The cumulative incidence of PFR after hysterectomy was 5.1% by 30 years. This risk was not influenced by age at hysterectomy or calendar period. Future PFR was more frequently required in women who had prolapse, whether they underwent a hysterectomy alone (eg, vaginal [hazard ratio (HR) 4.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5 to 7.3], abdominal [HR 3.9; 95% CI 1.9 to 8.0]) or a hysterectomy and PFR (ie, vaginal [HR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.7] or abdominal [HR 2.9; 95% CI 1.5 to 5.5]). STUDY DESIGN-UsingCONCLUSION-Compared with women without prolapse, women who had a hysterectomy for prolapse were at increased risk for subsequent PFR. Keywords epidemiology; posthysterectomy; prolapse; risk factors Pelvic organ prolapse is common and a major indication for gynecologic surgery in the United States. It is estimated that United States women have an 11% lifetime risk of surgery for prolapse or incontinence. 1 Indeed, approximately 200,000 operations for prolapse are performed annually in this country, with a cost exceeding $1 billion. 2,3 Consequently, it is important to identify the factors that contribute to this problem to improve on both its prevention and treatment. Several risk factors have been proposed to initiate, aggravate, or contribute to decompensation in pelvic organ prolapse. 4 These include increasing age, higher gravidity and parity, obesity, conditions associated with increased intraabdominal pressure (eg, constipation), and prior hysterectomy. 1,5,6 The latter is particularly important because hysterectomy is second only to cesarean section as the most frequently performed major operation among women in this country 7 and because it has been estimated that up to one-third of operations for pelvic organ prolapse are repeat procedures. 1

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Introduction and Hypothesis Urethral diverticulum (UD) is a protrusion of the urethra through the periurethral fascia. We aimed to determine the population-based incidence of female UD. Methods Using the records-linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP), we identified women 18 years and older with a new diagnosis of UD in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 2011. We also identified cases meeting the same criteria diagnosed at Mayo Clinic, regardless of county of residency. Incidence rates were calculated and trends for changes in incidence over time were tested. We conducted a systematic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from inception through March 30, 2013, to identify published reports of UD incidence or prevalence. Results We identified 164 incidence cases, including 26 women residing in Olmsted County. Age-adjusted annual incidence of UD in Olmsted County was 17.9 per 1,000,000 women (<0.02%) per year (95% CI, 10.9–24.9). We observed a trend for increased incidence during the past 3 decades (P=.03). In our literature review, only 7 studies included an estimate of incidence or prevalence of UD; these estimates ranged from 6.4 per 1,000,000 per year (<0.01%) having surgical intervention related to UD to a 4.7% rate of UD diagnosed in asymptomatic women admitted for gynecologic or obstetric issues. Conclusion In this population-based study, female UD was a rare disease, affecting fewer than 20 per 1,000,000 women (<0.02%) per year.

Xenografts, bovine or porcine acellular collagen bioprostheses derived from dermis, pericardium, or small-intestine submucosa, were introduced to overcome synthetic mesh-related complications. Although there are eight commercially available xenografts, there is a paucity of empiric information to justify their use instead of the use of synthetic grafts. In addition, limited data are available about which graft characteristics are important and whether graft-reinforced repairs reduce recurrences and improve outcomes. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a Medline search of published reports on xenografts in animal and human trials. Histologic host response to implanted xenograft material depends primarily on chemical cross-linking and porosity, and it is limited to four responses: resorption, incorporation, encapsulation, and mixed. No clinical data unequivocally demonstrate an improved benefit to graft-reinforced repair.

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A significantly better immediate postoperative analgesia was present in the SAB group, and the duration was consistent with the expected action of intrathecally administered drugs. Two weeks after surgery a higher percentage of the patients in the SAB group reported no pain. However, SAB had no effect on either length of hospitalization or patients' postoperative functional status.

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