This article examines the division of music styles according to the conventional categories of classical, traditional and popular, and proposes the term ‘vernacular’ as a complementary way of viewing various types of amateur music-making among diverse groups in modern societies. ‘Vernacular’, as it is used here, includes the idea of relatively distinct musical communities as well as more fluid networks and scenes. The article exposes the historical basis and problematic nature of style categorizations, and adapts a theoretical model of music production modes that highlights the interconnectedness of various genres and practices of vernacular music. Critical to this analysis is the dialectical interplay between style categorizations, between participatory and performance modes of production, and between vernacular music-making and the consumption of broadcast and recorded musical products. The article concludes by suggesting that the mapping of amateur music-making practices (including formal and informal methods of teaching and learning) can contribute to school- and college-based systems of music education.

Critical Care 2017, 21(Suppl 1):P349 Introduction Imbalance in cellular energetics has been suggested to be an important mechanism for organ failure in sepsis and septic shock. We hypothesized that such energy imbalance would either be caused by metabolic changes leading to decreased energy production or by increased energy consumption. Thus, we set out to investigate if mitochondrial dysfunction or decreased energy consumption alters cellular metabolism in muscle tissue in experimental sepsis. Methods We submitted anesthetized piglets to sepsis (n = 12) or placebo (n = 4) and monitored them for 3 hours. Plasma lactate and markers of organ failure were measured hourly, as was muscle metabolism by microdialysis. Energy consumption was intervened locally by infusing ouabain through one microdialysis catheter to block major energy expenditure of the cells, by inhibiting the major energy consuming enzyme, N+/K + -ATPase. Similarly, energy production was blocked infusing sodium cyanide (NaCN), in a different region, to block the cytochrome oxidase in muscle tissue mitochondria. Results All animals submitted to sepsis fulfilled sepsis criteria as defined in Sepsis-3, whereas no animals in the placebo group did. Muscle glucose decreased during sepsis independently of N+/K + -ATPase or cytochrome oxidase blockade. Muscle lactate did not increase during sepsis in naïve metabolism. However, during cytochrome oxidase blockade, there was an increase in muscle lactate that was further accentuated during sepsis. Muscle pyruvate did not decrease during sepsis in naïve metabolism. During cytochrome oxidase blockade, there was a decrease in muscle pyruvate, independently of sepsis. Lactate to pyruvate ratio increased during sepsis and was further accentuated during cytochrome oxidase blockade. Muscle glycerol increased during sepsis and decreased slightly without sepsis regardless of N+/K + -ATPase or cytochrome oxidase blocking. There were no significant changes in muscle glutamate or urea during sepsis in absence/presence of N+/K + -ATPase or cytochrome oxidase blockade. ConclusionsThese results indicate increased metabolism of energy substrates in muscle tissue in experimental sepsis. Our results do not indicate presence of energy depletion or mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle and should similar physiologic situation be present in other tissues, other mechanisms of organ failure must be considered. , and long-term follow up has shown increased fracture risk [2]. It is unclear if these changes are a consequence of acute critical illness, or reduced activity afterwards. Bone health assessment during critical illness is challenging, and direct bone strength measurement is not possible. We used a rodent sepsis model to test the hypothesis that critical illness causes early reduction in bone strength and changes in bone architecture. Methods 20 Sprague-Dawley rats (350 ± 15.8g) were anesthetised and randomised to receive cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) (50% cecum length, 18G needle single pass through anterior and posterior wa...

This article examines ideas of musicality as they may apply to local, national and intercultural contexts of music education. Conceptions of multicultural music education are explored in the light of alternative approaches to musicality adapted from ethnomusicological perspectives. It is argued that while recently published music curricula in many countries appear to offer a more pluralistic view of music and music education than previously, these may fall short of providing an intercultural model for teachers and schools. Critically, an intercultural music education will draw on a variety of performing and learning practices, in addition to a range of beliefs and values that are pertinent to the musical systems in question. Ideas of bimusicalityand intermusicalitycan be adapted not only to our understanding of individual learners and performers, but also to the professional preparation of teachers, to the design of music curricula and to the development of musical infrastructures in contemporary societies.

Background:  Critically ill patients frequently receive inadequate nutrition support as a result of under‐ or overfeeding. Malnutrition in intensive care unit (ICU) patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to identify the significant factors that influence energy deficit in the ICU. Methods:  ICU patients with a length of stay of ≥3 days were studied for 30 days over two consecutive years at a large university teaching hospital. Fifty‐six Patients were studied, with a total of 530 records of feeding days. Information was collected for: day when feed initiated, age, gender, length of stay, Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation score (APACHE II), fed within 24 h, speciality, type of ventilation, feeding route, outcome (survived/died), diarrhoea (yes/no), aspirate volume, dietitian observed nutritional status (malnourished/not), sedation, estimated energy requirements and energy received. Mixed linear models for longitudinal data were used with energy deficit (energy received – energy requirements) as the dependent variable. Results:  Factors that were found to have a significant association with energy deficit were: day feeding was initiated (P < 0.001), whether fed within 24 h (P < 0.001) and whether sedated (P < 0.001). Furthermore, three combined effects were found: ventilation mode and aspirate volume (P < 0.007), fed within 24 h and ventilation mode (P < 0.001), fed within 24 h and sedation (P < 0.017). Conclusions:  The number of days after feeding was initiated, initiation of feeding within 24 h and sedation have been identified as factors that predict energy deficit during ICU stay. Efforts to initiate feeding as soon as possible and minimise interruptions to feeding may reduce energy deficits in these vulnerable patients.