Chemists' ability to synthesize structurally complex, high-value organic molecules from simple starting materials is limited by methods to selectively activate and functionalize strong alkyl C(sp) covalent bonds. Recent activity has focused on the activation of abundant C-O, C-N and C-C bonds via a mechanistic paradigm of oxidative addition of a low-valent, electron-rich transition metal. This approach typically employs nickel(0), rhodium(I), ruthenium(0) and iron catalysts under conditions finely tuned for specific, electronically activated substrates, sometimes assisted by chelating functional groups or ring strain. By adopting a redox-neutral strategy involving palladium(II)-catalysed C-H activation followed by β-heteroatom/carbon elimination, we describe here a catalytic method to activate alkyl C(sp)-oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, fluorine and sulfur bonds with high regioselectivity. Directed hydrofunctionalization of the resultant palladium(II)-bound alkene leads to formal functional group metathesis. The method is applied to amino acid upgrading with complete regioselectivity and moderate to high retention of enantiomeric excess. Low-strain heterocycles undergo strong-bond activation and substitution, giving ring-opened products.

A directed, regiocontrolled hydroamination of unactivated terminal and internal alkenes is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by palladium(II) acetate and is compatible with a variety of nitrogen nucleophiles. A removable bidentate directing group is used to control the regiochemistry, prevent β-hydride elimination, and stabilize the nucleopalladated intermediate, facilitating a protodepalladation event. This method affords highly functionalized γ-amino acids in good yields with high regioselectivity.

Reactions that forge carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds are the bedrock of organic synthesis, widely used across the chemical sciences. We report a transformation that enables C-C bonds to be constructed from two classes of commonly available starting materials, alkenes and carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. The reaction employs a palladium(II) catalyst and utilizes a removable directing group to both control the regioselectivity of carbopalladation and enable subsequent protodepalladation. A wide range of alkenes and C-H nucleophiles, including 1,3-dicarbonyls, aryl carbonyls, and electron-rich aromatics, are viable reaction partners, allowing Michael-type reactivity to be expanded beyond α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to unactivated alkenes. Applications of this transformation in drug diversification and natural product total synthesis are described. Stoichiometric studies support each of the proposed steps in the catalytic cycle.

Removable tridentate directing groups inspired by pincer ligands have been designed to stabilize otherwise kinetically and thermodynamically disfavored 6-membered alkyl palladacycle intermediates. This family of directing groups enables regioselective remote hydrocarbofunctionalization of several synthetically useful alkene-containing substrate classes, including 4-pentenoic acids, allylic alcohols, homoallyl amines, and bis-homoallylamines, under Pd(II) catalysis. In conjunction with previous findings, we demonstrate regiodivergent hydrofunctionalization of 3-butenoic acid derivatives to afford either Markovnikov or anti-Markovnikov addition products depending on directing group choice. Preliminary mechanistic and computational data are presented to support the proposed catalytic cycle.

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The hydroarylation of alkenes is an attractive approach to construct carbon–carbon (C–C) bonds from abundant and structurally diverse starting materials. Herein we report a palladiumcatalyzed reductive Heck hydroarylation of unactivated and heteroatom-substituted terminal alkenes with an array of (hetero)aryl iodides. The reaction is anti-Markovnikov selective and tolerates a wide variety of functional groups on both the alkene and (hetero)aryl coupling partners. Additionally, applications of this method to complex molecule diversifications were demonstrated. Deuteriumlabeling experiments are consistent with a mechanism in which the key alkylpalladium(II) intermediate is intercepted with formate and undergoes a decarboxylation/C–H reductive elimination cascade to afford the saturated product and turn over the cycle.

Southern New England salt marsh vegetation and habitats are changing rapidly in response to sea-level rise. At the same time, fiddler crab (Uca spp.) distributions have expanded and purple marsh crab (Sesarma reticulatum) grazing on creekbank vegetation has increased. Sea-level rise and reduced predation pressure drive these changing crab populations but most studies focus on one species; there is a need for community-level assessments of impacts from multiple crab species. There is also a need to identify additional factors that can affect crab populations. We sampled crabs and environmental parameters in four Rhode Island salt marshes in 2014 and compiled existing data to quantify trends in crab abundance and multiple factors that potentially affect crabs. Crab communities were dominated by fiddler and green crabs (Carcinus maenas); S. reticulatum was much less abundant. Burrow sizes suggest that Uca is responsible for most burrows. On the marsh platform, burrows and Carcinus abundance were negatively correlated with elevation, soil moisture, and soil percent organic matter and positively correlated with soil bulk density. Uca abundance was negatively correlated with Spartina patens cover and height and positively correlated with Spartina alterniflora cover and soil shear strength. Creekbank burrow density increased dramatically between 1998 and 2016. During the same time, fishing effort and the abundance of birds that prey on crabs decreased, and water levels increased. Unlike in other southern New England marshes where recreational overfishing is hypothesized to drive increasing marsh crab abundance, we propose that changes in crab abundance were likely unrelated to recreational finfish over-harvest; instead, they better track sea-level rise and changing abundances of alternate predators, such as birds. We predict that marsh crab abundance will continue to expand with ongoing sea-level rise, at least until inundation thresholds for crab survival are exceeded.

New synthetic methods have been developed to alter the Ziegler procedure' for synthesis of dilithiomethane of various isotopic compositions. [CH2(6Li2)], has been prepared to facilitate solid I3C NMR spectra. (CD2Li2), has been prepared, and preliminary X-ray powder pattern data are reported. The first solid-state 13C NMR spectrum on any organolithium compound has been obtained. The I3C NMR spectra of solid samples of [CH3(6Li)]4 and [CH2(6Liz)], are discussed. Bis( (trifluoromethy1)sulfonyl) imide, (CF3S02)2NH, the parent compound of the bis((perfluoroalky1)sulfonyl) imides, has been prepared in good yield. The strong electron-withdrawing effect of the (CF3S02)2N group is borne out by the acidity of the imide and the properties of its derivatives. The synthesis and properties of (CF3S02)2NH are described, as well as those of the derivatives (CF3SOJ2NX, where X = Cs, CI, NO, NO2, and Si(CH&.