Background Indoor navigation within closed facilities has been subject of studies with different application areas, particularly in recent years (e.g. the navigation requirements of people or the location of objects). Hospitals are of specific interest in this regard as the multitude of technical equipment used is potentially interfering with navigation systems. Objective This research examines relevant studies regarding Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) in hospitals and IPS that are designed for hospitals and in preparation for implementation, by investigating the respective technologies, techniques, prediction-improving methods, evaluation results, and limitations of the IPS. Methods To gather current and future IPS in hospitals, the methodology of a Scoping Review was used. The study has been conducted by applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Framework to the context of IPS in hospitals. The results and limitations concerning current and future IPS in hospitals were gathered and structured by using a highly cited evaluation framework for IPS. Results Thirty-eight studies were considered for this research. The IPS technologies investigated were Bluetooth Low Energy ( n = 17), Wireless-Fidelity ( n = 10), Hybrids ( n = 4), Radio-Frequency Identification ( n = 4), Ultra-Wideband ( n = 1), Infrared ( n = 1) and ZigBee ( n = 1). Conclusions This study presents current and future IPS in hospitals. For future IPS research and IPS in hospitals, the theoretical implications contribute to our knowledge about IPS technologies, techniques, prediction-improving methods, evaluation results and limitations during testing/implementing IPS in hospitals. As practical implications, the insights of this study can be used by developers to improve IPS and by hospitals to facilitate IPS implementation.
Background Indoor positioning systems (IPS) have become increasingly important for several branches of the economy (eg, in shopping malls) but are relatively new to hospitals and underinvestigated in that context. This research analyzes the intention of actors within a hospital to use an IPS to address this gap. Objective To investigate the intentions of hospital visitors and employees (as the main actors in a hospital) to use an IPS in a hospital. Methods The reasoned action approach was used, according to which the behavior of an individual is caused by behavioral intentions that are affected by (1) a persuasion that represents the individual’s attitude toward the behavior, (2) perceived norms that describe the influence of other individuals, and (3) perceived norms that reflect the possibility of the individual influencing the behavior. Results The survey responses of 323 hospital visitors and 304 hospital employees were examined separately using SmartPLS 3.3.3. Bootstrapping procedures with 5000 subsamples were used to test the models (one-tailed test with a significance level of .05). The results show that attitude (β=.536; P<.001; f²=.381) and perceived norms (β=.236; P<.001; f²=.087) are predictors of hospital visitors’ intention to use an IPS. In addition, attitude (β=.283; P<.001; f²=.114), perceived norms (β=.301; P<.001; f²=.126), and perceived behavioral control (β=.178; P=.005; f²=.062) are predictors of hospital employees’ intention to use an IPS. Conclusions This study has two major implications: (1) our extended reasoned action approach model, which takes into account spatial abilities and personal innovativeness, is appropriate for determining hospital visitors’ and employees’ intention to use an IPS; and (2) hospitals should invest in implementing IPS with a focus on (a) navigational services for hospital visitors and (b) asset tracking for hospital employees.
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