Over the year of 2015, about 800.000 refugees arrived in Germany, a number which equals around one percent of the total population. This migration process was labelled the refugee crisis and was accompanied by a contested debate. On the one hand, there was a widespread willingness to voluntarily help arriving refugees, on the other hand, the number of xenophobic attacks against refugees drastically increased. Our paper will focus on a specific form of xenophobic violence with a strong symbolic meaning: We analyze how arson attacks against collective accommodation facilities spread. Using a comprehensive web chronicle, we collected temporal and spatial data about arson attacks perpetrated on accommodations or facilities for refugees in Germany between 2015 and 2017. We counted 251 attacks, assigned each incident location to its county, merged county characteristics such as population size, proportion of foreigners, right-wing party support, and—going beyond previous research—added geographically coded media data from two digital archives. Besides newspaper contents of a popular nation-wide tabloid, we use a data base that covers local fake news on refugees. Based on these data, we constructed a balanced panel data set with the counties as geographical units and periods of 14 days as the time dimension. Results indicate that social contagion drives the diffusion process of arson attacks. Spatial proximity of previous attacks increased the propensity of attacks in the neighboring counties. Attacks were more likely to occur in counties with larger populations and fewer foreigners. While local newspaper coverage did not impact the diffusion of xenophobic attacks, fake news were relevant–but only in East Germany. We also considered two particularly salient threatening events that received nation-wide media attention, namely Merkel’s “border opening” on the 5th of September 2015 and the sexual assaults occurring during New Year’s 2015/16 in Cologne. Both were followed by temporary increases in violence.
ÜberblickDie deutsche Kriegswirtschaft im Zweiten Weltkrieg war Ausgangspunkt zahlreicher technischer Innovationen. Ingenieure konnten unter Ausnahmebedingungen ihre kriegswichtigen Ideen realisieren. Robert von Halász (1905Halász ( -2004, leitender Ingenieur bei der Preußischen Bergwerks-und Hütten AG (Preussag), dokumentierte seine Innovationen zur Betonbautechnik 1944 fotografisch. 1966 verwendete von Halász, der nach dem Krieg als Hochschullehrer an der TU Berlin Karriere machte, diese Fotos zur Illustration seines Fachlehrbuchs. Bis heute blieb unbemerkt, dass von Halász in seinen Bildern Zwangsarbeiterinnen festhielt, für deren Einsatz bei der Preussag er selbst mitverantwortlich war.
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