2. Merere praepositionen, die im sanskrit mit einer noch unbestimmten oder mit einer ganz anderen bedeutung auftreten, erscheinen in Europa in übereinstimmendem sinne. So ahhi 'ad', aber griech. dfirpl, lat. amh-^a hd. umhi, altir. inim bedeuten 'circa' u. a. 3. Kulturgeschichtliche gründe : Die benennungen des ackerns, mähens und malens finden sich allein in den europäischen sprachen übereinstimmend, woraus zu schliessen sei, dass die Europäer noch zu einem volke vereinigt waren, als sie das nomadenleben mit dem ackerbau vertauschten'''). Die gemeinsame benennung für das salz, welche den arischen sprachen in diser bedeutung feit, schin zu beweisen, dass die europäischen Indogermanen als ein ganzes erst nach abtrennung von den Ariern an Salzquellen oder ein salzmer gelangt wären. Die zwei wichtigsten gründe sind endlich: 4. der von Lottner geltend gemachte, dass die deutsche lautverschiebung in einigen worten nicht den consonantismus der arischen sprachen, sondern den der übrigen europäischen sprachen voraussetzt, z. b. ist das k von ik aus der media von ego^hyco, nicht aus der aspirata des skr. aham verschoben. 5. Das resultat, w^elches G. Curtius (ber. d. sächs. ges. d. wiss. 1864 s. 9 ff.) durch seine Untersuchung über die Spaltung des alten «-lautes gewonnen hat, dass die sämmtlichen europäischen sprachen wesentlich in der bewarung des alten ursprünglichen a und in seiner ser häufigen Verdünnung zu e und weiter zu i übereinstimmen, wärend das altindische und altpersische kurzes e überhaupt nicht, die Schwächung von a zu i nur in beschränktem masse kennen, das altbaktrische e aber, durch die umgebenden consonanten bedingt, mit dem von disen unabhängigen europäischen e nicht zu vergleichen ist. Z. b. heisst es übereinstimmend mit e\ «l, sex, saihs, szeszi, sesti, dagegen skr. sas, abaktr. *) V. Helm kulturpflaiizen und hausthiere in ihrem Übergang aus Asien nach Griechenland und Italien sowie in das übrige Europa, s. 399 bezweifelt die richtigkeit dises Schlusses. 1*
We show a conditional exactness statement for the Nisnevich Gersten complex associated to an A 1 -invariant cohomology theory with Nisnevich descent for smooth schemes over a Dedekind ring with only infinite residue fields. As an application we derive a Nisnevich analogue of the Bloch-Ogus theorem for étale cohomology over a henselian discrete valuation ring with infinite residue field.
Critical theory like political ecology and peasant studies point to the insufficiency of adaptation strategies and call for more radical alternatives, such as the abandonment of development strategies based on fossil-fuelled industrialisation and urban-centred economic growth. They favour rural livelihood strategies based on sustainable natural resource management and organic/agro-ecological production, thus combining genuine development with resistance to the hegemony of that neoliberal-driven transformation of fundamental socio-economic structures in developing countries. This is associated with detrimental climatic and ecological consequences. This article offers a theoretical and conceptual framework for understanding the nexus of development, ecology and climate change, and explores significant patterns of community resistance evolving into promising strategies of reactions ‘from below’ against growth-driven development implicating ecocide. Such resistance opposes the regional and global obsession with excessive growth and poses new challenges to the international political system.
Conventional classification of dynamical phenomena is based on universal hydrodynamic relaxation characterized by algebraic dynamical exponents and asymptotic scaling of the dynamical structure factor. This work uncovers a novel type of dynamical universality reflected in statistical properties of macroscopic fluctuating observables such as the transmitted charge. By considering a general class of one-dimensional single-file systems (meaning that particle crossings are prohibited) of interacting hardcore charged particles, we demonstrate that stringent dynamical constraints give rise to universal anomalous statistics of cumulative charge currents manifested both on the timescale characteristic of typical fluctuations and also in the rate function describing rare events. By computing the full counting statistics of net transferred charge between two extended subsystems, we establish a number of unorthodox dynamical properties in an analytic fashion. Most prominently, typical fluctuations in equilibrium are governed by a universal distribution that markedly deviates from the expected Gaussian statistics, whereas large fluctuations are described by an exotic large-deviation rate function featuring an exceptional triple critical point. Far from equilibrium, competition between dynamical phases leads to dynamical phase transitions of first and second order. Despite dynamical criticality, we find the large-deviation rate function of the joint particle-charge transfer obeys the fluctuation relation. Curiously, the univariate charge-current rate function experiences a spontaneous breaking of fluctuation symmetry upon varying the particle and charge densities in a nonequilibrium initial state. The rich phenomenology of the outlined dynamical universality is exemplified on an exactly solvable classical cellular automaton of charged hardcore particles. We determine the dynamical phase diagram in the framework of Lee-Yang's theory of phase transitions and exhibit a hyper-dimensional diagram of distinct dynamical regimes.
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