Background: The present study reports results from the large-scale integrated EU project "Climate for Culture". The full name, or title, of the project is Climate for Culture: damage risk assessment, economic impact and mitigation strategies for sustainable preservation of cultural heritage in times of climate change. This paper focusses on implementing high resolution regional climate models together with new building simulation tools in order to predict future outdoor and indoor climate conditions. The potential impact of gradual climate change on historic buildings and on the vast collections they contain has been assessed. Two moderate IPCC emission scenarios A1B and RCP 4.5 were used to predict indoor climates in historic buildings from the recent past until the year 2100. Risks to the building and to the interiors with valuable artifacts were assessed using damage functions. A set of generic building types based on data from existing buildings were used to transfer outdoor climate conditions to indoor conditions using high resolution climate projections for Europe and the Mediterranean. Results:The high resolution climate change simulations have been performed with the regional climate model REMO over the whole of Europe including the Mediterranean region. Whole building simulation tools and a simplified building model were developed for historic buildings; they were forced with high resolution climate simulations. This has allowed maps of future climate-induced risks for historic buildings and their interiors to be produced. With this procedure future energy demands for building control can also be calculated. Conclusion:With the newly developed method described here not only can outdoor risks for cultural heritage assets resulting from climate change be assessed, but also risks for indoor collections. This can be done for individual buildings as well as on a larger scale in the form of European risk maps. By using different standardized and exemplary artificial buildings in modelling climate change impact, a comparison between different regions in Europe has become possible for the first time. The methodology will serve heritage owners and managers as a decision tool, helping them to plan more effectively mitigation and adaption measures at various levels.

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Due to climate change a slowly increasing annual temperature may be experienced by structures. Relative humidity (RH) fluctuations affect the equiibrium moisture content of materials. Repeated RH cycling leads to mechanical failure and may endanger an object's structural integrity. Preventive conservation is based on adopting measures that will prevent fracture. Real-time interferometry allows the acquisition of sequential high-resolution full-field surface images from hygroscopic materials used in cultural heritage by recording during cycles of changing RH. The differential images allow the development of a preventive methodology directly through surface responses. Indications of the natural onset of degradation can be followed and traced before visible damage occurs, allowing preventive measures to be taken in advance. An ongoing study (Climate for Culture European project (FP7-ENV-2008-1 CfC no. 226973)) aims to experimentally classify structural deterioration as a function of acclimatization and confirm the hypothesis that surface responses before deformation can indicate deformation threshold values as reference points for the onset of RH-induced deterioration.

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Transdisciplinary Multispectral Modeling and Cooperation for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Communications in Computer and Information Science.

The complexes trans-[M(PR3)2(SO)Cl] (M = Rh. Ir; R = isopropyl, cyclohexyl) were synthesized from [(C8H14)2MCl]2, PR3 and C2H4SO. The X-ray structure of [Ir(P/Pr3)2(SO)Cl] shows the sulfur monoxide to be coordinated in a bent η1 fashion. A bonding model is pro- posed which explains the similarity between SO- and SO2-complexes. Peracid oxidation trans- forms coordinated SO to SO2. CO displaces SO via isolable 5-coordinated intermediates [Ir(PR3)2(CO)(SO)Cl].

According to the final report of the European Union OMC expert group on strengthening cultural heritage resilience for anthropogenic climate change, the impacts of climate change, particularly extreme weather events, on cultural heritage in Europe have become increasingly evident in recent years and are progressing at an unprecedented speed and scale. Archaeological sites, museum collections, and historical buildings and structures are affected, among others, by rising temperatures or by heavy storms and precipitation events. Deep scientific knowledge about future climate projections is required to develop appropriate preservation strategies and measures to protect and adapt cultural heritage. In this paper we present the first set of results of the KERES project. The project focuses on the impacts of future extreme climate events on the built heritage and historic gardens. An ensemble of climate simulations is used to analyze changes in both climatology and extreme events for several climate variables at two cultural heritage sites in Germany. In this study, a methodology was developed to guide climate scientists on how to better tailor climate information for the needs of stakeholders in the cultural heritage sector. It would help the stakeholders to integrate the results of climate projections into the prevention and emergency management, in particular for the risk assessment of extreme events. The effects of interpolation from a model grid to a location of cultural heritage site and advantages of an ensemble approach have been demonstrated in the study.

Die Komplexierung von SO ist eine Möglichkeit zur Stabilisierung dieses klassischen kleinen Moleküls. Durch Fragmentierung von Thiiran‐S‐oxid (→SO + Ethylen) in der Koordinationssphäre von Rh und Ir wurden quadratisch‐planare Komplexe mit gewinkelter M‐S‐O‐Einheit erhalten.

The walled city of Baku, Icherisheher has been described as one of the best examples of a city that has retained its historical stratigraphy in over a thousand years, where the different influences and its evolution in time may be appreciated. In realising the Master Plan of the historical city, many problems were solved with different information technologies (GIS, DEM, DTM, etc.) for the survey and data mapping management during all the phases of the project. Initially the analysis was addressed to systematic reading of the documents collected during the iconographic study, verifying the process of deterioration that the historic city had suffered during various periods from the Khans to the Tsarist domain, and from the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Soviet period through to its independence. The entire central part of the historic city was analyzed, including not only on its special architectural and urban monuments, but even minor buildings, which are in part still intact, used as a basis for a digital map created in order to focus on Baku's historical evolution. A three-dimensional model of the historic centre of Baku was then produced as a basis not only for virtual navigation in real time, but as additional support for planning studies and to better understand the principles of various design choices. The request to produce a model in VRML format addressed the choice of better modelling methods. The combination of these different technologies and their application in the analysis of historical cities led to further considerations on data acquisition systems, standardization of formats, the use of survey instruments and the use of different software, etc., all fundamental elements to the define their correct use.