Agricultural residues are rich in bioactive compounds. These residues can be used as an alternate source for the production of different products like biogas, biofuel, mushroom, and tempeh as the raw material in various researches and industries. The use of agro-industrial wastes as raw materials can help to reduce the production cost and also reduce the pollution load from the environment. Agro-industrial wastes are used for manufacturing of biofuels, enzymes, vitamins, antioxidants, animal feed, antibiotics, and other chemicals through solid state fermentation (SSF). A variety of microorganisms are used for the production of these valuable products through SSF processes. Therefore, SSF and their effect on the formation of value-added products are reviewed and discussed.

HighlightsPrecision farming is measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops to form a decision support system.About 40–70% of N, 80–90% of P and 50–70% of K of the applied fertilizers is lost to the environment causing pollution.Nanofertilizers helps in slow and sustained release of agrochemicals resulting in precise dosage to the plants.Green synthesized Ag, ZnO and TiO2 NPs are extensively used for plant protection and treatment of diseases.Biosensors helps in detecting pesticides in the vegetable crops and form a decision support system for crop commodities.

A large number of by-products or wastes are produced worldwide through various food industries. These wastes cause a serious disposable problem with the environment. So, now a day’s different approaches are used for alternative use of these wastes because these by-products are an excellent source of various bioactive components such as polyphenols, flavonoids, caffeine, carotenoids, creatine, and polysaccharides etc. which are beneficial for human health. Furthermore, the composition of these wastes depends on the source or type of waste. Approximately half of the waste is lignocellulosic in nature produced from food processing industries. The dissimilar types of waste produced by food industries can be fortified by various processes. Fermentation is one of the oldest approaches and there are three types of fermentation processes that are carried out such as solid state, submerged and liquid fermentation used for product transformation into value added products through microorganisms. Selections of the fermentation process are product specific. Moreover, various studies were performed to obtain or fortified different bioactive compounds that are present in food industries by-products or wastes. Therefore, the current review article discussed various sources, composition and nutritive value (especially bioactive compounds) of these wastes and their management or augmentation of value-added products through fermentation.

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BACKGROUND This work reports the isolation and screening of rhizospheric microflora of chickpea and their role in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The antifungal potential of AgNPs for control of wilt disease of chickpea, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo pot experiments. The effect of AgNPs on seed germination and soil community was also evaluated. RESULTS Among microbial strains, two bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. and Achromobacter sp. and two fungi, Trichoderma sp. and Cephalosporium sp., were identified for biosynthesis of AgNPs. AgNPs were confirmed by UV‐visible spectra (λ = 420 nm) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with size 20–50 nm. AgNPs showed very high antifungal activity (95%) against FOC in vitro at 100 µgmL−1 concentration. Pot experiments showed maximum and minimum reduction in wilt incidence over control, i.e. 73.33% for AgNPs and copper‐oxychloride (CuOCl) i.e. 26.67%, respectively. Seeds coated with AgNPs showed high germinability up to 98% and no negative impact was observed on soil community. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the role of AgNPs against the fungal disease of chickpea that can be extended to other diseases of chickpea and other important Indian crops. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Various diseases are caused by pathogenic bacteria and their diagnosis depends on accurate detection of pathogen from clinical samples. Several molecular methods have been developed including PCR, Real Time PCR or multiplex PCR which detects the pathogen accurately. However, every method has some limitations like low detection limit, whereas Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a powerful and novel nucleic acid amplification method, which detects the DNA at very low level compared to other methods. This method amplifies very few copies of target DNA with high specificity, efficiency and rapidity under isothermal conditions by using a set of four specially designed primers and a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity. This review presents detection of various bacteria by LAMP method and covers their detection limit in clinical specimens.