Primary renal lymphoma (PRL) is a rare disease process which represents less than 1% of all renal masses and is an uncommon type of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. PRL is of clinical significance due to the fact that unlike the more commonly seen renal cell carcinoma, PRL is treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by nephrectomy. This challenges the long held notion that preoperative biopsies are not necessary prior to nephrectomy for renal masses. In this paper, we present a case of a primary renal lymphoma and discuss its clinical significance.