Objectives: To compare the cortisol response of the 1 mg and the 250 mg ACTH test in a large study of patients with suspected adrenal insufficiency. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods:Single center study assessing patients tested for primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency between January 2004 and December 2007, who had both ACTH tests (1 mg and 250 mg; nZ207) within a time interval of 6 weeks. Test results were compared with a Bland-Altman plot and McNemar's test. Results: The mean difference between the cortisol responses in the two ACTH tests was 26 nmol/l (95% confidence interval (CI) 13, 40), showing a marginally higher response for the 250 mg test. The diagnostic performances of the two tests were similar (PZ0.49) using a cut-off value for cortisol of 550 nmol/l. A normal cortisol response to the 1 mg ACTH test could be accompanied by an abnormal response to the 250 mg ACTH test, and vice versa. Conclusion: This study shows that the 1 mg and the 250 mg ACTH tests have comparable cortisol responses in patients with suspected adrenal insufficiency. However, in individual patients, the difference in cortisol response to the two tests can be substantial, and the response in the 250 mg test is not invariably higher than the response in a 1 mg test.

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of feline hip dysplasia (HD), patellar luxation and lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LTV) in pedigree cats in the Czech Republic. (2) Methods: 107 pedigree cats at least 10 months old were recruited prospectively at the Small Animal Clinic at the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, CZ, between April 2019 and July 2020. (3) Results: The prevalence of hip joint dysplasia in all pedigree cats was 46.7%, of which 78% of cats had bilateral dysplasia. The HD was mainly from mild (grade 1) to moderate (grade 2); however, 6.1% of hip joints showed signs of severe HD (grade 3) in Maine Coon and Siberian cats. Patellar luxation was noted in 32.7% of the pedigree cats, was present bilaterally in 91.4% and was grade 1 or 2 in most cats. The presence of LTV was noted in 7.5% of pedigree cats. (4) Conclusions: The high prevalence of HD in pedigree cats should be considered and screening pedigree cats for HD is recommended before they are used in breeding programs.

Urinary incontinence, an uncontrolled urine leakage during the storage phase of micturition, is a common condition in female dogs. In intact bitches, the reported prevalence is only 0.2-0.3%, but in spayed bitches it varies between 3.1-20.1%. Most commonly, dogs with acquired urinary incontinence suffer from urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. This condition seems tobe multifactorial, and although the exact pathophysiology remains unclear, potential risk factors include gender, gonadectomy, breed, body weight, urethral length and bladder neck position. In daily practice, the diagnosis of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence is usually made after eliminating other potential causes of urinary incontinence. Incontinent bitches are primarily treated with medications, such as alpha-adrenergic drugs, e.g. phenylpropanolamine and oestrogens. Surgery is recommended when patients become refractory to medical treatment.

Urinary incontinence is a common condition in spayed, female dogs with a reported prevalence between 3.1% and 20.1%. In the majority of dogs with acquired urinary incontinence, urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence is the underlying cause. Approximately 15% of bitches that initially respond to medical therapy ultimately become refractory. Surgical intervention is indicated when patients do not respond or become refractory to medical treatment. Based on the current literature, placement of an artificial urethral sphincter, i.e. an inflatable cuff around the proximal urethra connected to a subcutaneous injection port, provides a very reliable and longterm incontinence resolution in bitches and has a low complication rate.

Urinary incontinence, an uncontrolled urine leakage during the storage phase of micturition, is a common condition in female dogs. In intact bitches, the reported prevalence is only 0.2-0.3%, but in spayed bitches it varies between 3.1-20.1%. Most commonly, dogs with acquired urinary incontinence suffer from urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. This condition seems to be multifactorial, and although the exact pathophysiology remains unclear, potential risk factors include gender, gonadectomy, breed, body weight, urethral length and bladder neck position. In daily practice, the diagnosis of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence is usually made after eliminating other potential causes of urinary incontinence. Incontinent bitches are primarily treated with medications, such as alpha-adrenergic drugs, e.g. phenylpropanolamine and oestrogens. Surgery is recommended when patients become refractory to medical treatment.

BACKGROUND Chronic renal failure is associated with complex alterations in coagulation. The changes in coagulation that occur after renal transplantation have been studied only to a limited extent. The thromboelastogram (TEG) provides a global assessment of whole blood clotting. In this study, sequential changes in coagulation after renal transplantation were investigated in 8 patients using the TEG. METHODS The controls included normal healthy controls (n = 6) and patients on hemodialysis (n = 5), on peritoneal dialysis (n = 6), and long term after transplantation (n = 7). The TEG parameters measured included R‐time, K‐time, alpha angle, and maximum amplitude. RESULTS The TEG parameters pre‐transplantation demonstrated a hypercoagulable state. There was a trend toward normal coagulation immediately after transplantation (days 2–4) and a return to hypercoagulability thereafter, compared with the normal controls. There was no difference in the TEG parameters between the patients long term after transplantation and the normal controls. The dialysis patients were also hypercoagulable. CONCLUSIONS Patients with end‐stage renal failure on dialysis are hypercoagulable, and this persists in the early post‐transplant period. However patients long term after transplantation have normal coagulation.

Objective: To determine whether the use of kidney allograft with multiple renal arteries adversely affects post transplant out come and complications. Background: Transplantation of kidney with multiple renal arteries is generally avoided. The disadvantages of multiple vessel graft includes technical diffi culty to anastomose, longer warm ischaemia and hence increased incidence of ATN, early graft dysfunction, various urologic and vascular complications. Methods: We reviewed the records of 35 living related adult kidney transplants done at our centre over a period of 3 years (

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