Background and Objectives:To analyze the frequency of complications during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery and identify associated risk factors.Methods:A descriptive observational study was performed between January 2000 and December 2012 and included all gynecologic laparoscopies performed at our center. Variables were recorded for patient characteristics, indication for surgery, length of hospital stay (in days), major and minor complications, and conversions to laparotomy. To identify risk factors and variables associated with complications, crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated with unconditional logistic regression.Results:Of all 2888 laparoscopies included, most were procedures of moderate difficulty (adnexal surgery) (54.2%). The overall frequency of major complications was 1.93%, and that of minor complications was 4.29%. The level of technical difficulty and existence of prior abdominal surgery were associated with a higher risk of major complications and conversions to laparotomy.Conclusion:Laparoscopic gynecologic surgery is associated with a low frequency of complications but is a procedure that is not without risk. Greater technical difficulty and prior surgery were factors associated with a higher frequency of complications.

Maraviroc belongs to the family of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonists that prevent the entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into host CD4+ T cells by blocking the CCR5 co-receptor R5. Maraviroc is currently the only CC5R co-receptor inhibitor that has been approved for clinical use in HIV-1-infected patients carrying the CCR5 tropism who are antiretroviral-naïve or have experienced therapeutic failure following traditional antiretroviral therapies. This article is a review of the main characteristics of maraviroc and the latest data regarding its clinical application. Maraviroc is effective and well tolerated in pre-treated and antiretroviral-naïve patients with HIV-1 infections carrying the CCR5 tropism. Data from the phase III programme of maraviroc, which includes the MOTIVATE 1 and 2 studies and the MERIT study, indicate that maraviroc significantly (p < 0.001) increases CD4+ cell counts compared with placebo in pre-treated patients and to a similar extent as efavirenz in antiretroviral-naïve patients. Even in cases where viral load is not completely suppressed, maraviroc improves immunological response compared with placebo. In addition, promising research suggests that maraviroc has favourable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles in patients with high cardiovascular risk or those co-infected with tuberculosis or hepatitis and could be considered an option for treatment of HIV-infected patients with these co-morbidities. Resistance to maraviroc is low and mainly related to the presence of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) tropism HIV-1-infections or to mutations in the V3 region of glycoprotein (gp) 120; however, the exact mechanisms by which resistance is acquired and their genotypic and phenotypic pattern have not yet been established. It is recommended that a tropism test should be performed when considering maraviroc as an alternate drug in HIV-1-infected patients. Current tropism assays have increased sensitivity to reliably detect CXCR4 HIV with rapid turn-around and at a low cost. Improved detection together with positive data on the drug's efficacy and safety profiles should help physicians to identify more accurately the appropriate candidates for commencement of treatment with maraviroc. In summary, maraviroc improves immunological response and has shown favourable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles in patients with high cardiovascular risk or in those co-infected with tuberculosis or hepatitis. Long-term studies are needed to confirm whether therapeutic expectations resulting from clinical trials with maraviroc translate into a real benefit for HIV-1-infected patients for whom traditional antiretroviral therapies have failed or are not suitable.

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La menopausia ha sido definida por la Sociedad Internacional de Menopausia como el cese permanente de la menstruación en la mujer, suceso determinado por la disminución de la producción hormonal. Trae consigo, por una parte, una sintomatología que interfiere en la calidad de vida de la mujer, la cual incluye síntomas vasomotores, psíquicos, atrofia urogenital; y, por otra, cambios metabólicos que implican aumento del riesgo de enfermedades crónicas como las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la osteoporosis. Con el progresivo aumento de la esperanza de vida, los grupos de mayor edad comienzan a ser parte importante de la población mundial. Por lo tanto, el manejo clínico de la posmenopausia pasa a ser un problema relevante de salud pública. Tiene como objetivo mejorar la calidad de vida y disminuir el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. Para medir la existencia de síntomas y signos asociados a la menopausia se puede utilizar la Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), escala que permite evaluar la intensidad de la sintomatología. Se debe valorar además el riesgo cardiovascular y de osteoporosis. El tratamiento incluye mejorar los estilos de vida, el uso de terapia hormonal y de terapias para las comorbilidades. Estas orientaciones tienen como objetivo ser una ayuda para el médico al momento de evaluar a una mujer en este periodo de la vida. Se han basado principalmente en las ‘Orientaciones Técnicas para la atención integral de la mujer en edad de climaterio en el nivel primario de red de salud’ del Programa de Salud de la Mujer, Ministerio de Salud, Chile. Sin embargo, son solo orientaciones; cada decisión terapéutica debe ser siempre individualizada acorde a las características particulares de cada paciente.

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