-Purpose:A variety of diseases affect the calvaria. They may be identified clinically as palpable masses or incidentally in radiologic examinations. There are many diagnostic possibilities, including congenital, neoplastic, inflammatory and traumatic lesions. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the main calvarial lesions through MR imaging, their signal intensity and extension to neighboring sites. Method: A retrospective analysis of 81 cases, from November 1996 to July 2001, was conducted. The examinations were performed on a 1.5 T equipment and each one of the cases was pathologically proven. Conclusão: A RM detecta precocemente as alterações que envolvem a medula óssea, bem como demonstra acuradamente o envolvimento dos tecidos adjacentes. Este método é fundamental na avaliação detalhada das lesões da calota craniana.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy causes congenital abnormalities, including microcephaly. However, rates vary widely, and the contributing risk factors remain unclear. We examined the serum antibody response to ZIKV and other flaviviruses in Brazilian women giving birth during the 2015–2016 outbreak. Infected pregnancies with intermediate or higher ZIKV antibody enhancement titers were at increased risk to give birth to microcephalic infants compared with those with lower titers (P < 0.0001). Similarly, analysis of ZIKV-infected pregnant macaques revealed that fetal brain damage was more frequent in mothers with higher enhancement titers. Thus, features of the maternal antibodies are associated with and may contribute to the genesis of ZIKV-associated microcephaly.

Risk stratification of suspicious lesions (BI-RADS category 4) can be satisfactorily performed with DCE-MRI and slightly improved when DWI is introduced.

ObjectiveTo determine the positive predictive value (PPV) and likelihood ratio for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of category 4 lesions, as described in the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®) lexicon, as well as to test the predictive performance of the descriptors using multivariate analysis and the area under the curve derived from a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Materials and MethodsThis was a double-blind review study of 121 suspicious findings from 98 women examined between 2009 and 2013. The terminology was based on the 2013 edition of the BI-RADS.ResultsOf the 121 suspicious findings, 53 (43.8%) were proven to be malignant lesions, with no significant difference between mass and non-mass enhancement (p = 0.846). The PPVs were highest for masses with a spiculated margin (71%) and round shape (63%), whereas segmental distribution achieved a high PPV (80%) for non-mass enhancement. Kinetic analyses performed poorly, except for type 3 curves applied to masses (PPV of 73%). Logistic regression models were significant for both patterns, although the results were better for masses, particularly when kinetic assessments were included (p = 0.015; pseudo R2 = 0.48; area under the curve = 90%).ConclusionSome BI-RADS MRI descriptors have high PPV and good predictive performance-as demonstrated by ROC curve and multivariate analysis-when applied to BI-RADS category 4 findings. This may allow future stratification of this category.

Demyelinating diseases were described in patients receiving anti-TNF agents. Optic neuritis (ON) induced by TNF blockers was already described in 22 cases in the literature. In this article, the authors report a 53-year-old woman with refractory rheumatoid arthritis that developed neuritis optica after the fourth dose of infliximab and had a good outcome after anti-TNF withdrawal, associated with glucocorticoid treatment. In addition, the previous cases of ON induced by anti-TNF agents were reviewed.

A neurofibromatose tipo 1 é uma das enfermidades genéticas mais comuns da espécie humana com padrão de herança autossômica dominante. As alterações radiológicas encontradas com maior freqüência são: escoliose, cifose, cifoescoliose, áreas de erosão óssea, crescimento anormal do osso, pseudo-artrose, meningocele, deformidade da parede posterior dos corpos vertebrais ("scalloping"), peito escavado, lesões osteolíticas nos ossos longos e alterações do sistema nervoso central. Os autores apresentam dados estatísticos dos achados radiográficos prevalentes em 82 pacientes com neurofibromatose tipo 1 acompanhados pelo Centro de Pesquisa e Atendimento em Neurofibromatose, de São José do Rio Preto, SP, um centro multidisciplinar de estudo e tratamento dos portadores da doença. Unitermos: Neurofibromatose. Neurofibromatose tipo 1. Radiologia. Facomatose. Prevalence of radiological findings in neurofibromatosis type 1 -a study of 82 patients. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is one of the most common genetic diseases with autosomic dominant inherit-ance pattern in humans. The main radiological findings are: scoliosis, kyphoscoliosis, bone erosions, abnormal osseous growth, pseudarthrosis, meningeal cysts, deformity of the posterior wall of the vertebral bodies ("scalloping"), pectus excavatum, osteolytic lesions in the long bones and central nervous system abnormalities. The authors present the statistical data from the analysis of the radiological findings in 82 patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 attending the "Centro de Pesquisa e Atendimento em Neurofibromatose", in São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, a multidisciplinary center for the study and treatment of neurofibromatosis.

ObjectiveTo compare the pain expected to that effectively caused by magnetic resonance arthrography of the shoulder and, secondarily, to describe a simplified approach to the technique for articular access.Materials and MethodsWe prospectively evaluated 40 participants who used a visual analog scale and a simplified categorical scale to indicate the level of pain expected and that experienced after the procedure, comparing the two with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. We also determined gender-related differences in pain conditions using the Mann-Whitney U test. In addition, we described a modified technique involving radiographic localization and the use of standard puncture needles for articular access.ResultsAnalysis of the visual analog scales showed that the pain experienced was less than had been expected, with median scores of 1.75 and 3.75, respectively (p < 0.001). The level of pain expected was higher among women than among men, with median scores of 8.0 and 3.0, respectively (p = 0.014), as was the level of pain experienced, with median scores of 3.0 and 1.5, respectively (p = 0.139). The overall categorical evaluation corroborated that difference (p = 0.03). Articular access with the modified technique was successful in all patients.ConclusionMagnetic resonance arthrography of the shoulder is less painful than patients expect. In addition, digital radiographic guidance combined with the use of standard puncture needles appears to improve the efficiency of the method.

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