Considering the necessity of Acrocomia aculeata propagation for large-scale production, the aim of this study was to establish a somatic embryogenesis protocol using the thin cell layer (TCL) technique. Aerial parts of in vitro plants were transversally cut at the base into eight TCLs and placed in a culture medium for callus induction. The induction medium was composed of Y3 salts and Morel´s vitamins and supplemented with 150, 300 or 600 μM picloram. After 12 weeks the calli were transferred to a medium supplemented with BAP or 2-iP (12.5 or 25 μM). After 18 weeks, the somatic embryo clusters were transferred to a conversion medium (plant growth regulator-free medium). Primary callus induction rate was higher in the first three TCLs and in media containing 150 or 300 μM picloram. The best maturation results were obtained in medium containing 12.5 μM 2-iP or 12.5 μM BAP. Few somatic embryos converted into plants. The histological analyses showed that callus induction started adjacent to vascular bundles after two days of culture, and somatic embryos arose in the periphery of nodular calli. This study showed that the TCL embryogenesis protocol is promising for in vitro multiplication of A. aculeata.
Peach palm is a domesticated palm commercially important for the production of fruits and hearts of palm. Somatic embryogenesis, an effective technique for mass propagation, was successfully established for this species. Furthermore, a temporary immersion system improved plant regeneration. However, production can be further improved by understanding the peach palm’s growth dynamic and modifications of culture media. The aims of this study were to evaluate the growth of plantlets cultured in different culture media in a temporary immersion system and to correlate the results with nutrient uptake during the growth period. Somatic embryo-derived young plantlets approximately 1 cm in length were cultivated for 12 weeks in a twin flask system containing MS, Y3 or N6 salts, Morel and Wetmore vitamins and 3% sucrose, with a monthly medium refreshment. Growth was measured and mineral analysis of the plantlets was carried out after 12 weeks of culture. The Y3 and MS salts were the most appropriate for the plant growth. Number of roots was 52.52% higher and the root size was 40.42% between the N6 and MS medium and the root number in Y3 medium was 37.74% greater than in MS medium, which is important for post acclimatization survival. K and Na are important elements for peach palm. N is not required at such a high concentration as in Murashige and Skoog formulation. The Chu (N6) medium did not generate high quality plantlets, possibly due to the absence of some micronutrients, like Mo, Cu and Co.
In vitro cultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) were established by somatic embryogenesis but some improvements in maturation and conversion steps are still needed. The aim of this study was to analyze morpho-anatomical differences in peach palm leaves from greenhouse cultured plants, in vitro plants developed from in vitro germinated seeds and somatic embryo-derived plants. Expanded leaves were prepared for histological analyses and scanning electron microscopy. No significant difference was found between ex vitro and in vitro cultured plants, but the somatic embryo-derived plants showed structural alterations of the leaves. The epidermal cells were elongated in shape, the mesophyll cells were thicker and the vascular bundle was not very developed. In somatic embryo-derived leaves the cuticle was thinner than in other leaves and epicuticular wax was present but poorly deposited. In in vitro cultured plants, the deposition of epicuticular wax on the leaves was irregular while in the greenhouse plants it was regular and abundant. These alterations in somatic embryo-derived leaves could hinder the acclimatization and development of peach palm plants so it is necessary to improve the protocol for somatic embryogenesis to produce better plants.
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