PurposeThe primary purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different exercise training programs on executive cognitive functions and functional mobility in older adults. A secondary purpose was to explore the potential mediators of training effects on executive function and functional mobility with particular reference to physical fitness gains.MethodsA sample of 42 healthy community dwelling adults aged 65 to 75 years participated twice weekly for 3 months in either: (1) multicomponent training, prioritizing neuromuscular coordination, balance, agility, and cognitive executive control; or (2) progressive resistance training for strength conditioning. Participants were tested at baseline (T1), following a 4-week control period (T2), and finally at postintervention (T3) for executive function (inhibition and cognitive flexibility) and functional mobility (maximal walking speed with and without additional task requirements). Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness were also assessed as potential mediators.ResultsIndices of inhibition, the functions involved in the deliberate withholding of prepotent or automatic responses, and measures of functional mobility improved after the intervention, independent of training type. Mediation analysis suggested that different mechanisms underlie the effects of multicomponent and progressive resistance training. While multicomponent training seemed to directly affect inhibitory capacity, resistance training seemed to affect it indirectly through gains in muscular strength. Physical fitness and executive function variables did not mediate functional mobility changes.ConclusionThese results confirm that physical training benefits executive function and suggest that different training types might lead to such benefits through different pathways. Both types of training also promoted functional mobility in older adulthood; however, neither inhibitory capacity, nor muscular strength gains seemed to explain functional mobility outcomes.

The World Health Organization promotes salt iodisation to control iodine deficiency. In Portugal, the use of iodised salt in school canteens has been mandatory since 2013. The present study aimed to evaluate iodine status in school-aged children (6–12 years) and to monitor the use of iodised salt in school canteens. A total of 2018 participants were randomly selected to participate in a cross-sectional survey in northern Portugal. Children’s urine and salt samples from households and school canteens were collected. A lifestyle questionnaire was completed by parents to assess children’s eating frequency of iodine food sources. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The median UIC was 129 µg/L which indicates the adequacy of iodine status and 32% of the children had UIC < 100 µg/L. No school canteen implemented the iodised salt policy and only 2% of the households were using iodised salt. Lower consumption of milk, but not fish, was associated with a higher risk of iodine deficiency. Estimation of sodium intake from spot urine samples could be an opportunity for adequate monitoring of population means. Implementation of iodine deficiency control policies should include a monitoring program aligned with the commitment of reducing the population salt intake.

Imbalances in dietary fat intakes are linked to several chronic diseases. This study describes dietary intakes and food sources of fat and fatty acids in 1051 Irish adults (aged 18-90 years), using data from the 2011 national food consumption survey, the National Adult Nutrition Survey. It also compares current intakes for 18-64-year-olds with those reported in the last such survey in 2001, the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey. Dietary fat intakes were estimated using data from 4-d semi-weighed (2011) and 7-d estimated (2001) food diaries. In 2011, intakes for 18-64-year-olds were as follows: total fat, 34·1 (SD 6·1) % total energy (%TE); SFA, 13·3 (SD 3·3) %TE; MUFA, 12·5 (SD 2·6) % TE; PUFA, 6·1 (SD 2·2) %TE; and trans-fat, 0·511 (SD 0·282) %TE. Apart from MUFA, intakes decreased (P < 0·001) compared with 2001. There was no statistically significant difference in intakes of EPA and DHA by 18-64-year-olds in 2011 (269·0 (SD 515·0) mg/d) and 2001 (279·1 (SD 497·5) mg/d). In 2011, adults aged >65 years had the highest intakes of SFA; however, intakes were typically higher than UK-recommended values for all groups. In contrast, intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids were lowest in younger age groups. Intakes of trans-fat were well within UK-recommended levels. Although there have been some improvements in the profile of intakes since 2001, imbalances persist in the quantity and quality of dietary fat consumed by Irish adults, most notably for total and SFA and for younger age groups for long-chain n-3 fatty acids.

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) that are isomeric forms of the cis-9,cis-12 linoleic acid have sparked considerable interest in the scientific community due to their reported beneficial health properties. The objective of this study was the quantification of the CLA in commercial Azorean bovine milk and comparison with CLA in Portuguese mainland milk, and evaluation of the effect of storage and the processing temperature on the CLA content in milk. The relative average of CLA (cis-9,trans-11 isomer) content in Azorean (S. Miguel Island-Portugal) and Portuguese mainland milks represents 1.33 ± 0.09% and 0.79 ± 0.07% of total fatty acid methyl esters (tFAME), respectively. The cis-9,trans-11-CLA isomer variation in Azorean ultrapasteurized (UHT) milk, throughout the year, ranged from 1.16 ± 0.09% to 1.46 ± 0.09% and reflects the bovine pasture-fed diet (fresh grass) during all seasons and the mild winter in the Azores Islands. The CLA content of Azorean milk is a little higher than that published in the literature for New Zealand (1.20% of tFAME). The effect of the processing temperature on the CLA level shows a decrease in the cis-9,trans-11-CLA isomer content from 1.56 ± 0.05 (raw milk) to 1.40 ± 0.04 and 1.26 ± 0.04 (% to tFAME) in different pasteurized and UHT-treated milks, respectively. The effect of storage time on the CLA content of commercial UHT milk, kept refrigerated at 6-7 ºC for two months, shows a loss of 1.2%, which is negligible compared with the processing temperature effect. Azorean milk is naturally rich in CLA, and according to recently published literature, has a wide array of health benefits and may be useful in the prevention of some degenerative diseases. milk / fatty acid / conjugated linoleic acid / gas chromatography摘要 -青草饲料、贮藏和加工温度对亚速尔群岛牛奶中共轭亚油酸的影响。 共轭亚油酸 (conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) 是指一类亚油酸的位置和空间共轭二烯异构体，其中 cis-9, cis-12 两种异构体被认为具有生理活性。本文定量地研究了亚速尔群岛牛奶中 CLA 的含量，并 与葡萄牙本土牛奶中 CLA 含量进行了对比，同时评价了贮藏和加工温度对牛奶中 CLA 含 量的影响。亚速尔群岛 (S. Miguel 岛 -葡萄牙) 牛奶和葡萄牙本土牛奶中 CLA (cis-9,trans-11)的含量分别占总脂肪酸甲酯中的1.33 ± 0.09% 和0.79 ± 0.07%。由于亚速尔群岛的奶牛全 年喂饲青草饲料和及冬季温和的气候，因而 UHT 杀菌的亚速尔群岛牛奶贮藏一年后 cis-9,trans-11-CLA 含量从 1.16 ± 0.09% 到 1.46 ± 0.09%。亚速尔群岛牛奶中 CLA 含量略高于 文献报道的新西兰牛奶中 CLA 含量 (1.20%, 占总脂肪酸甲酯的百分含量) 。巴氏杀菌和 UHT 杀菌分别使 cis-9,trans-11-CLA 含量从 1.56 ± 0.05%( 原料奶 ) 减少到 1.40 ± 0.04% 和 * Corresponding authors (通讯作者): elis@notes.uac.pt or baptista@notes.uac.pt Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.lelait-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lait:2007008 168 J. Leite et al.1.26 ± 0.04%。市售的 UHT 奶在 6-7 °C 保存 2 个月，CLA 含量减少了 1.2%，与加工温度对 CLA 的影响相比，贮藏过程所带来的 CLA 损失可以忽略不计。目前关于 CLA 特殊保健功能的 文献报道非常多，由于亚速尔群岛牛奶中富含 CLA, 因此，这种牛奶可能有助于预防一些 退行性疾病。 牛奶 / 脂肪酸 / 共轭亚油酸 / 气相色谱 Résumé -Acide linoléique conjugué dans le lait de vache des Açores. Effet de l'alimentation à l'herbe et de la température de traitement et de stockage. Les acides linoléiques conjugués (CLA), qui sont des formes isomères de l'acide linoléique cis-9,cis-12, ont reçu beaucoup d'intérêt de la part de la communauté scientifique en raison des propriétés ...